Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

DAT Bio FINAL > 11.11 endocrine system > Flashcards

11.11 endocrine system Flashcards

(65 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

end vs exocrine

A

endo secretes into the blood, while eco secretes into ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pancreas

A

both ends and exocrine since digestive

enzymes via pancreative duct; insulin + glucagon into blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

paracrine

A

– cell signalling where target is nearby;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Autocrine -

A

cell signaling via hormone/chemical

messenger that binds to receptors on same cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

endocrine vs nervous system

A

hormones are through blood; small amount = large

impact; endocrine system is slower, indirect, and longer lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

peptide hormones

A

made in rough ER and modified in Golgi. acts on surface receptors like cyclic AMP, water soluble, can’t diffuse through cell membrane tho sp receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

protein hormone receptor bind triggers

A
  1. ion channel increasing membrane permeability to ion
  2. activate/deactivate intrinsic membrane proteins as ion channels
  3. activates intracellular second messenger systems (cascade)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

camp and pip???

A

??

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

protein hormone examples

A

FSH, LH, prolactin, glucagon and insulin, ADH, oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

steroid hormone

A

made from cholesterol in smooth ER, hydrophobic so can’t do well in blood but good for membrane so intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

steroid hormone binding triggers

A
  1. diffuses past plasma and binds receptors in cytoplasm. acts in DNA at transcriptional level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

steroid hormone ex

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids of adrenal cortex, cortisol and aldosterone, gonadal hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

tyrosine hormones

A
  • formed by enzymes in cytosol or on rough ER

- lipid soluble, bind in nun, has a LATENT PERIOD (longer period) hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

tyrosine hormones affect

A

INCREASE transcription in every cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tyrosine hormones ex

A

Catecholamines: (epi and norepi) water soluble; dissolve in blood; bind receptors on
target tissue & mainly act via 2nd msngr cAMP
▪ Includes thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 aka thyroxine) and catecholamines formed in
adrenal medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Be familiar w/ endocrine vs

neuroendocrine pathways ???

A

???

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

negative feedback **

A

control point is the conduct of the effector, not the cxn of the hormone [the gland lags behind the effector]. So if given a condition [e.g. high blood glucose] and asked hormone level expected, it would be high insulin [responding to the condition].

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypothalamus-

A

monitors external environment and internal conditions of the body; Contains neurosecretory cells that link the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland (the hypothalamus is considered
the link between endocrine and nervous system).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Regulation of the pituitary

A

negative feedback
mechanisms and by secretion of releasing and inhibiting hormones; secretes ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin to be stored in posterior pituitary; also secretes GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) from neurons, which stimulates anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

mainly regulates hormone production by other glands – itself regulated by
hypothalamus

makes nontropic hormones and tropic hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

growth hormone

A
  • direct hormone
  • aka somatotropin; stimulates bone and muscle growth;
    all cells! Stims growth by increasing episodes of
    mitosis, cell size, rate of protein synthesis, use of fatty acids for energy. Also mobilizes
    fat stores, ↓ use of glucose. Protein transcription/translation ↑, protein/AA breakdown
    ↓
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

direct or nontropic hormone

A

directly stimulate target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tropic hormone

A

stimulates other endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

prolactin

A
  • direct
  • stimulates milk production
    Hypothalamus has stimulatory effect on release of all other AP hormones but mainly inhibits prolactin release. Suckling stimulates hypothalamus stimulates AP release of prolactin. No milk production before birth due to inhibitory effects on it by
    progesterone and estrogen.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
melanocyte stimulating hormone
- direct - stimulates melanocytes to produce + release melanin
26
Endorphins
inhibit perception of pain (technically a neurohormone)
27
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-
- tropic - stimulates adrenal cortex release glucocorticoids (via 2nd messenger cAMP). Release of ACTH stimulated by many types of biological stress. Glucocorticoids are stress hormones.
28
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-
- tropic - stimulates thyroid gland which in turn ↑ size, cell #, and rate of secretion of thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). T3 and T4 cxns negatively feedback on TSH release (at both the AP and hypothalamus)
29
Luteinizing hormone (LH):
- tropic females-stimulates formation of corpus luteum / males- stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce testosterone
30
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
females- stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles to secrete estrogen / males- stimulates maturation of seminiferous tubules and sperm prod
31
posterior pituitary
composed mainly of support tissue for nerve endings extending from the hypothalamus. Does not synthesize hormones, stores ADH and oxytocin produced by hypothalamus
32
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)
- PP produced increases reabsorption of water by increasing permeability of nephron’s collecting duct water reabsorption and increased blood volume and pressure. Coffee, alc. block ADH (↑ urine volume)
33
Oxytocin
- PP gland - secreted during childbirth- increases strength of uterine contractions and stimulates milk ejection [by stimulating contraction of smooth muscle cells in uterus and mammary glands]
34
Pineal gland-
- PP | secretes melatonin- plays role in circadian rhythm
35
brain endocrine glands
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal glands
36
thyroid
located on ventral surface of trachea just in front of trachea
37
t4 and t3
Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) – lipid soluble, tyrosine derivative o Derived from tyrosine and necessary for growth and neurological development in children and increase basal metabolic rate in body (negative feedback on TSH) o These hormones contain Iodine
38
Hypothyroidism-
undersecretion * goiters (enlargement of gland) low heart rate and respiratory rate [and ↓BMR]
39
Hyperthyroidism-
oversecretion * goiters (enlargement of gland) increased metabolic rate and sweating
40
calcitonin
- thyroid - (“tones down” Ca2+) in blood – peptide hormone o Stimulates osteoblast activity which builds up bone by using up the Ca2+ in blood o Decreases plasma Ca2+ by inhibiting its release from bone o Decreases osteoclast activity and number
41
anchondroplasia
dwarfism. thyroid problem
42
progeria
premature aging – | wrinkled skin, arthritis, arteriosclerosis). thyroid problem
43
why is thyroid unique
produces more than one type of hormone [the adrenal | cortex and medulla are considered separate glands]
44
Parathyroid-
four pea-shaped structures attached to back of thyroid
45
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-
Raises Ca2+ concentrations in blood by stimulating release from bone ▪ Increases osteocyte absorption of Ca + phosphate from bone; stimulates osteoclast proliferation o Increases renal Ca reabsorption + renal phosphate excretion o Increases Ca + phosphate uptake from gut by increasing renal production of vitamin D-derived steroid o Secretion regulated by Ca2+ plasma cxn; parathyroid glands grow or shrink accordingly
46
thymus
involved in immune response - Secretes thymosins that stimulate lymphocytes (WBCs) to become T-cells (identification and destroying of infected body cells)
47
Adrenal gland-
on top of kidneys and consist of: | - Adrenal cortex (outer portion) and adrenal medulla (inside)
48
adrenal cortex
- steroid hormones only | -
49
glucocorticoids
adrenal cortex (cortisol and cortisone)- raise blood glucose levels (stimulates gluconeogenesis in the liver); degrades adipose tissue to FAs for use as energy ▪ Also causes degradation of nonhepatic proteins and decrease of nonhepatic AA’s ● Corresponding increase in liver/plasma proteins and AA’s ▪ Coristol is a stress hormone
50
Mineralcorticoids
adrenal cortex (aldosterone)- increases reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys ▪ Acts on DCT and CD of nephron to increase Na/Cl reabsorption and K/H secretion. Net gain in particles in the plasma ▪ Causes passive reabsorption of water in nephron rise in blood volume/pressure [secondary effect] ▪ same effect but lesser extent on sweat/salivary glands and intestines
51
cortical sex hormones
adrenal cortex small amount secreted; significant in females but not in males [due to testes producing much more]
52
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- adrenal medulla “fight or flight” – the catecholamines ▪ “fight or flight”(effects on target tissue similar to their role in sympathetic NS but last longer); considered stress hormones ▪ glycogen glucose [↑ blood glucose], vasoconstrictor to internal organs+skin but vasodilator to skeletal muscle, increased heartbeat ▪ increase metabolic activities [glycogenolysis, lipolysis] ▪ Increased blood flow to brain and increased BP
53
pancreas
both exocrine and endocrine; has bundles of cells called islet of Langerhans which contains two cell types: - alpha and beta cells
54
Alpha cells
secrete glucagon (α “active”): catabolic, released when energy charge low; net effect: raises blood glucose levels - Stimulates liver to convert glycogen glucose - Stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver - Adipose tissue + blood lipids
55
beta cells
anabolic, released when blood levels of carbs/proteins are high; net effect lowers blood glucose levels - Stimulates liver (and most other body cells) to absorb glucose - Liver + muscle cells: glucose glycogen; fat cells: blood lipids adipose tissue storage - Works on most body cells (except for neurons of brain and a few others) to become highly permeable to glucose
56
insulin derived from
derived from preproinsulin and pro-insulin. These precursor molecules undergo hydrolysis rxn that modify them to active insulin. Specific protease enzymes cleave two peptide bonds allows mature insulin to form.
57
Somatostatin
released by delta cells of pancreas; inhibits both insulin and glucagon; possibly increases nutrient absorption time. Suppresses release of GI hormones, this ↓ rate of gastic emptying + ↓blood flow to intestine
58
Testis-
testosterone- spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics
59
Ovaries-
release estrogen and progesterone
60
estrogen
menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics
61
progesterone
menstrual cycle, pregnancy
62
male and female development here??
??
63
gastrin
food in stomach, stimulates secretion of HCl
64
Secretin-
small intestine- when acidic food enters from stomach neutralize acidity of chyme by stimulating release of alkaline bicarbonate from pancreas
65
Cholecystokinin-
small intestine- presence of fats causes contraction of gall-bladder and release of bile (involved in digestion of fats) (also tells pancreas to release enzymes for digestion)

DAT Bio FINAL (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions