Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology > 1.1 to 2.6B > Flashcards

1.1 to 2.6B Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nutrition

A

taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

respiration

A

chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

excretion

A

removal of toxic materials from organism (substance in excess of requirement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sensitivity

A

sense or detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and respond accordingly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

movement

A

action by which and organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

homeostasis

A

self regulation control of their internal enviroment to maintain stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

reproduction

A

process that make more of the same kind or organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

growth

A

permanent increase in size and dry mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are eukaryotic organisms?

A

plants, animals, fungi, and protoctists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

tell me about the photosynthesis and whether plants are multicellular of single celled organisms

A

plants contain chloroplasts therefore can carry out photosynthesis and they are multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the cell wall of plants made from

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

plants store carbohydrates as?

A

starch and sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

give me an example of a flowering plant

A

cereal- maize or herbaceous legume-peas and beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are animal cells multicellular or not and do they carry out photosynthesis

A

they are multicellular organisms and they do not carry out photosynthesis as they do not contain chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

do animal cells have a cell wall

A

no animal cells do not have a cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what do animal cells store carbohydrates as?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

are fungi single celled or multicellular organisms

A

they can be both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is their body made from

fungi

A

it is organised into a mycelium made from thread like structures - which are hyphae which contain many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

wht is the cell wall of fungi made up of

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of nutrition do they carry out (fungi)

A

saprotrophic nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does fungi store carbohydrates as?

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

give me a multicellular and a unicellular type of fungi

A

the unicellular is yeast and the multicellular is mucor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

are protoctists single celled or multicellular?

A

single celled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are two types and what are their characteristics

protoctists

A

amoeba- lives in pond water and have features like animal cells
chlorella- have chloroplasts and have features like plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a prokaryotic organism

A

bacteria

26
Q

what is a pathogenic example?

A

plasmodium which causes malaria

27
Q

what are bacteria

A

microscopic single celled organisms

28
Q

what do the bacteria cells contain and not contain

A

they contain:
- cell wall
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- plasmids
- circular chromosomes of DNA

they don’t contain
- a nucleus

29
Q

what are two examples of bacteria and what are their characteristics?

A

lactobacillus- rod shped bacterium used in the production of yogurt from milk
pneumococcus- spherical bacterium that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

30
Q

what do pathogens include

A

they include fungi, bacteria, protoctists, and viruses

31
Q

are viruses living or non living

A

non living

32
Q

where can viruses reproduce

A

they can only reproduce inside living cells

33
Q

what do they have instead of a cellular structure?

virus

A

they have a protein coat and they contain one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA)

34
Q

what are three examples of viruses

A

tobacco mosaic virus - discoloring of tomato leaves plants. by preventing the formation of chloroplasts
influenza virus- causes the flu
HIV virus- causes AIDS

35
Q

what are the levels of organisation in order?

A
  1. organelle
  2. cells
  3. tissues
  4. organs
  5. organ system
36
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a component within a cell that carries out a specific task

37
Q

what is a cell?

A

basic functional and structural units in a living organism

38
Q

what are tissues?

A

a group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function

39
Q

what are organs?

A

a group of different tissues working together to perform a paticular function

40
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions within the organism

41
Q

what organelles do animal cells have inside the cytoplasm

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
42
Q

what organelles do plant cells have inside the cytoplasm

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
  • cell wall
  • chloroplast
  • permanent vacuole
43
Q

what is the function of the nucleus

A

contains the genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work
it controls cell division

44
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm

A

it supports the cell structure
it is the site of many chemical reactions
it contains water and many solutes

45
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane

A

it holds the cell together
it controls the substances entering and leaving the cell

46
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

it gives the cell extra support and defines its shape
it is made of cellulose (which is a polymer of glucose)

47
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria

A

it is the site of aerobic respiration–> which provides energy to the cell
there will be more mitochondria in cells with higher metabolism which means they carry out many different cell reactions

48
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A

it is the site of photosynthesis
the green chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur

49
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes

A

site of protein production in protein synthesis

50
Q

what is the function of the vacuole

A

contains cell sap
used for storage of certain material
helps support the shape of the cell
and pushes the cytoplasm against the cell wall keeping the cell turgid

51
Q

what is cell differentiation

A

a process by which a cell changes to become specialised

52
Q

in animals, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate

A

at a very early stage so animal cells lose their ability to differentiate early in the life of the organism

53
Q

what are the animal cells that are able to differentiate later in the life of the organism called

A

adult stem cells can differetiate all throughout the life of the organism
they are mainly used to replace and repair cells (such as blood or skin cells)

54
Q

in plants, at what stage are most cells able to differentiate

A

they retain the ability to fully differentiate

55
Q

what are specialised cells

A

they are cells which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions

56
Q

what is an example of a specialised cell in animals

A

red blood cell
- the function is to transport oxygen
to do this it differentiated into
- a biconcave shape to increase the surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen
- it contains hemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it
- it contains no nucleus to increase the amount of space available for hemoglobin inside the cell

57
Q

what is an example of a specialised cell in plants

A

root hair cell
- the function is to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil
to do this it differentiated into
- a shape where the surface area is increased to ensure maximum absorption
- the walls are thin to make sure the water moves through quickly
- no chloroplasts since it is underground

58
Q

what are the advantages of using stem cells in medicine

A
  • good potential in treating a wide variety of diseases
  • organs developed from a patient’s own stem cells reduces the risk of rejection
  • adult stem cells are already used in medicine this day to treat a variety of treatments
59
Q

what are the disadvantages of using stem cells in medicine?

A
  • stem cells that are cultured in labs can become infected with a virus which can then be transmitted to the patient
  • cultured stem cells can accumulate mutations that can lead them to developing cancer
  • there are a low number of stem cell donors
60
Q

ethical issues of using stem cells

A
  • is it right to use embryonic stem cells because who gives permission?
  • who owns the embryo in the scenario of an creating an embryo in therapeutic cloning
  • should an embryo be treated as a person with human rights or as a commodity?

biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions