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biology > 2.34 - 2.52 2.59 - 2.61 > Flashcards

2.34 - 2.52 2.59 - 2.61 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the formula for aerobic respiration

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide +
water

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2
Q

what does ATP provide for the cell

A

energy

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3
Q

what is the differences in oxygen need in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic needs oxygen anaerobic doesn’t

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4
Q

what is the differences in glucose breakdown need in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic is complete and anaerobic is incomplete

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5
Q

what are the products of aerobic respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water

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6
Q

what are the products of anaerobic respiration

A

animal cells- lactic acid
yeast- carbon dioxide and ethanol

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7
Q

energy released in aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic - a lot
anaerobic - a little

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8
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

the complete breakdown of glucose to release a large amount of energy

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9
Q

balanced chemical equation of aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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10
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

the incomplete breakdown of glucose to release little amounts of energy

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11
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration
in animals

A

glucose –> lactic acid

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12
Q

balanced equation for anaerobic respiration
in animals

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C3H6O3

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13
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called

A

fermentation

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14
Q

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

glucose –> alcohol + carbon dioxide

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15
Q

balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

C6H12O6 –> 2C2H5OH + 2 CO2

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16
Q

how can we investigate the production of carbon dioxide and heat from respiration

A

germinating seeds or other living organisms

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17
Q

how does gas exchange relate to diffusion in single celled organisms

A

organisms can exchange gasses through diffusion

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18
Q

how do gills, lungs, and leaves help gas exchange using diffusion

A
  • they increase surface area
  • a short diffusion distance (barriers are as thin as possible)
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19
Q

what is the pathway of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to chloroplast by diffusion

A

atmosphere - air spaces around spongy mesophyll tissue - leaf mesophyll cells - chloroplasts

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20
Q

what are stomata

A

spaces found between two guard cells - on the lower epidermis of the leaf

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21
Q

what do the guard cells do

A

they control the opening and closing of the stomata

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22
Q

what do plants do during the daytime

A

respire and photosynthesise

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23
Q

what do plants do in the nighttime

A

they only respire

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24
Q

what is the gas exchange surface in humans?

A

the lungs

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25
Q

why do lungs help with gas exchange

A
  • large surface area
  • thin walls
  • good ventilation with air
  • good blood supply
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26
Q

what do the ribs do?

A

they protect the internal organs such as the lungs

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27
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do

A

they control the movement causing inhalation and exhalation

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28
Q

what does the diaphragm do

A

they help change the volume of the thorax to allow inhalation and exhalation

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29
Q

what does the trachea do

A

its the windpipe that connects the mouth and the nose to the lungs

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30
Q

what does the larynx do

A

its the voice box to be able to make sound

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31
Q

what do the bronchi (pl) do

A

they’re the large tubes branching off the trachea with one bronchus (sin) for each lung

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32
Q

what do the bronchioles do

A

they connect the bronchi to the alveoli

33
Q

what do the alveoli do

A

they’re tiny air sacks where gas exchange takes place

34
Q

what does the pleural cavity do

A

they are the fluid filled space between the pleural membranes which reduces friction and allow the lungs to move freely

35
Q

what is the passage down to the lungs lined with

A

cilia

36
Q

what do cilia do?

A

they have tiny hairs on the end of them that beat and push the mucus up towards the passages towards the nose and throat where it can be removed

37
Q

what type of intercostal muscles are there

A

internal and external

38
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation

A

it contracts and flattens

39
Q

what happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during inhalation

A

they contract to pull the ribs up and out

40
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax during inhalation

A

the volume increases

41
Q

what happens to the air pressure during inhalation

A

the air pressure decreases

42
Q

what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation

A

it relaxes and moves upwards in a dome shape

43
Q

what happens to the external set of intercostal muscles during exhalation

A

they relax so the ribs drop down and in

44
Q

what happens to the volume of the thorax during exhalation

A

the volume decreases

45
Q

what happens to the air pressure during exhalation

A

there’s an increase in air pressure

46
Q

how much oxygen is in inspired air

A

21%

47
Q

how much oxygen is expired air

A

16%

48
Q

how much carbon dioxide is in inspired air

A

0.04%

49
Q

how much carbon dioxide is in expired air

A

4%

50
Q

how much nitrogen is in inspired air

A

78%

51
Q

how much nitrogen is in expired air

A

78%

52
Q

what do the rounded alveolar sacks help increase

A

surface area to volume ratio

53
Q

how many cells thick are the capillaries and the alveoli

A

one cell thick

54
Q

what does the layer of moisture on the surface of the alveoli help with

A

the diffusion as gases dissolve

55
Q

what are the chemicals in cigarettes?

A

tar which is a carcinogen
nicotine which is an addictive substance
and carbon monoxide which reduces the capacity of blood to carry oxygen

56
Q

what does carbon monoxide do specifically biologically in your lungs

A
  • it binds irreversibly to hemoglobin
  • it puts strain on the circulatory system to pump blood faster around the body (increases the risk of coronary heart disease and strokes)
57
Q

what does tar do specific biologically in your lungs

A
  • increases the chances of cancerous cells developing
  • it contributes to COPD which is when chronic bronchitis and emphysema occur together
  • it blocks the alveoli
58
Q

what is different for unicellular in diffusion

A

they don’t need specialist exchange surfaces or transport system because diffusion, osmosis, and active transport happen through the cell membrane at a fast enough rate

59
Q

why do unicellular organisms not need specialist exchange surfaces for diffusion

A

they have very large surface are in comparison to volume

60
Q

why do multicellular organisms need specialist exchange surfaces for diffusion

A

they have a small surface area compared to their volume

61
Q

what are examples of exchange surfaces in animals

A
  • lungs and alveoli
  • small intestine and villi
62
Q

what is an example of a transport system in animals

A

blood aqnd circulatory system

63
Q

what are examples of exchange surfaces in plants

A
  • roots and root hair cells
  • leaves
64
Q

what are examples of a transport system in plants

A
  • xylem (water and minerals from roots to shoots )
  • phloem (sugar and amino acids to where they are needed)
65
Q

what are the components of blood

A
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • white blood cells
  • plasma
66
Q

what is over half of the blood made up of 55%

A

plasma

67
Q

what makes up 45% of the blood

A

red blood cells

68
Q

what is less than 1% of the blood made up of

A

white blood cells and platelets

69
Q

what is the structure of a red blood cell

A
  • biconcave structure
  • no nucleus
  • a lot of protein hemoglobin
70
Q

what is the structure of a white blood cell

A
  • large cells
  • big nucleus
  • different types have different function and shapes
71
Q

what is the structure of platelets

A

fragment of cells

72
Q

what is the structure of plasma

A

straw colored liquid

73
Q

why is plasma important in the transportation of carbon dioxide?

A

it’s the waste product of respiration and it is dissolved in plasma as hydrocarbonate ions and transported from respiring cells to the lungs

74
Q

why is plasma important in the transportation of digested foods and minerals ?

A

they are dissolved particles absorbed from the small intestine and delivered to requiring cells around the body

75
Q

why is plasma important in the transportation of urea?

A

it is the waste substance produced in the breakdown of protein by the liver
it is dissolved in the plasma and transported to the kidneys

76
Q

why is plasma important in the transportation of hormones?

A

they are the chemical messengers and the are transported to the target tissues / organs

77
Q

why is plasma important in the transportation of heat energy?

A

it is an exothermic reaction released in respiration and it is transported to the cooler parts of the body or to the skin where heat can be lost

78
Q

what are red blood cells adapted as to carry oxygen

A
  • full of hemoglobin which is a protein that binds to oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
  • they have no nucleus which allows for more space
  • biconcave disc gives them a large surface area to volume ratio to maximise diffusion in and out

biology (5 decks)

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