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CAPS 391 - Gross Human Anatomy > Nervous System - Introduction > Flashcards

Nervous System - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two Anatomical Classifications for the Nervous System?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What is the function of the CNS? what parts of the human body contribute to the CNS?

A 
Function
- Processing Information
- Analyzing Infromation 
- Generating appropriate motor responses 
Components
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
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3
Q

From an embryological perspective, what three parts make up the brain?

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
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4
Q

What is the Function of the PNS? What are the components of the PNS?

A 
Function 
- Collecting sensory information
- Distributing Motor output from CNS
Components
- Cranial Nerves (12 Pairs)
- Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
- Peripheral Ganglia: a group of cells outside of the CNS
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5
Q

From a Functional Perspective, what are the Three Components of the Nervous System?

A
  • Somatic
  • Visceral
  • Enteric
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6
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System?

A
  • Large Division of PNS
  • Controls the Gastrointestinal Behaviour Independently
  • Contains the Enteric Plexus
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7
Q

What is the Enteric Plexus?

A
  • Complex autonomic nerve plexus
  • Inside walls of the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • Contains intrinsic sensory and motor axons connected through local ganglionic interneurons
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8
Q

What is the overall function of the PNS?

A
  • Collect sensory information

- Distribute motor output

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9
Q

What are the Main Sources of Sensory Information? (3)

A
  • Somatic: from the external environment such as pain and temperature
  • Special Sense: Fearing, Vision, Balance
  • Visceral Senses: From internal Organs
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10
Q

What are the main Motor Outputs of the PNS? examples?

A
  • Somatic Nerves: muscles

- Autonomic Motor Outputs: Cardiac muscles, digestive system, glands

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11
Q

What are the three parts of the Autonomic Motor System?

A
  • Sympathetic Part
  • Parasympathetic Part
  • Enteric Plexuses
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12
Q

At 3-4 weeks of embryonic development: Describe the CNS

A
  • Hollow Cylinder with Three Vesicles
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13
Q

What are the names of the 3 primary cerebral vesicles present at 3-4 weeks of embryonic development?

A
  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
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14
Q

At 5 weeks of embryonic development: describe the CNS

A
  • Secondary Cerebral Vesicles: 5 of them
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15
Q

What are the 5 Secondary Cerebral Vesicles of the CNS at 5 weeks of embryonic development?

A
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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16
Q

What does the Telencephalon turn into?

A
  • Cerebrum
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17
Q

What does the Diencephalon turn into? (3)

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
18
Q

What does the Mesencephalon turn into? (1)

A
  • Midbrain
19
Q

What does Metencephalon turn into? (2)

A
  • Pons

- Cerebellum

20
Q

What does the Myelencephalon turn into? (1)

A
  • Medulla Oblongata
21
Q

Where does the Spinal Cord form?

A
  • From the distal part of the hollow cylinder of 3 vesicles at 3-4 weeks of embryonic development
  • The Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
22
Q

What are the structure and average length of the spinal cord?

A

Structure
- Cylindrical
Length
- 43-45cm

23
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

Starts
- At the base of the skull and the CI vertebra
Ends
- In 70% of people it ends at the LI - LII vertebra
- in taller people could end at TXII and in Shorter person at around LIII

24
Q

What is the name of the caudal end of the Spinal Cord?

A
  • Conus Medularis
25
Q

Where are the 2 enlargements on the Spinal Cord? Why are they there?

A 
Location 
- Cervical Enlargement
- Lumbar Enlargement 
Function
- Spinal Nerves arise to form Brachial Plexus and Lumbar Plexus for upper and lower limbs
26
Q

What are Spinal Segments?

A
  • section of the spinal cord that gives rise to one pair of spinal nerves
27
Q

What are the differences in vertebra level and spinal segment level at different sections of the vertebral column? (4)

A
  • Cervical Vertebra: SS is 1 lower than VL
  • Upper Thoracic: 2 lower
  • Lower Thoracic: 2 lower
  • Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 lower
28
Q

What components make up a Cross-section of a spinal segment? (2)

A
  • Gray Matter

- White Matter

29
Q

What is Grey Matter composed of?

A
  • Nerve cell bodies
  • unmyelinated fibers
  • supporting cells
30
Q

What is White Matter composed of?

A
  • Myelinated Fibers
31
Q

What is the structure of Gray Matter in a Cross-Section of a Spinal Segment?

A
  • Resembles Butterfly

- Has 2 or 3 horns depending on segment

32
Q

What are the 3 different types of horns in Grey Matter in the Spinal Cord? What sections have 3 horns and what have 2?

A 
Horns
- Posterior (dorsal) horn
- Anterior (ventral) horn
- Lateral horn
2 or 3 Horns
- Segments C1-C8: 2 Horns
- Segments T1-L2: 3 Horns
- Segments L3-S1: 2 Horns
- Segments S2-S4: 3 Horns
- Segments S5-Co: 2 Horns
33
Q

What is the Lateral Horn of Gray Matter in the Spinal Cord?

A
  • 3rd Horn
  • Only present in some sections
  • Autonomic Neurons for para/sympathetic responses
34
Q

What are the 2 sections of the spinal cord that have 3 horns in the gray matter? What neurons does each section have?

A 
Sections
- T1-L2
- S2-S4
Neurons
- T1-L2: Sympathetic 
- S2-S4: Parasympathetic
35
Q

Make-up, Function, and Location of Nerve Tracts?

A

Tracts
- Myelinated Fibers
Function
- Send sensory information towards the brain
- Send motor information away from the brain
Location
- In the White Matter of the Spinal Cord

36
Q

What are the Three Columns of White Matter in the Spinal Cord?

A
  • Posterior (dorsal) column
  • Lateral Colum
  • Anterior (ventral) Column
37
Q

What is the Ventral Root comprised of?

A
  • Pure Motor fibers/rootlets exiting the spinal cord
38
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Comprised of?

A
  • Pure Sensory fibers/rootlets entering the spinal cord
39
Q

What is the Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)?

A
  • A ganglion of dorsal root composed of sensory nerve cell bodies
40
Q

What is the difference between a cluster of nerve cell bodies inside or outside the CNS?

A
  • Inside: A Nuclei

- Outside: A Ganglion

41
Q

What is a Spinal Nerve?

A
  • Joining of Dorsal and Ventral Roots

- Two pairs at each spinal cord segment

CAPS 391 - Gross Human Anatomy (33 decks)

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