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physical science > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

The removal of surface marital through the possess of weathering

A

erosion

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2
Q

the process of rocks weathering, erosional agents like water, wind, ice eroded from one place to another

A

Sediment transportation

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3
Q

the process when the erosional agent slows down

A

deposition

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4
Q

when land areas gather water for a major river

A

Drainage basin

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5
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shore line

A

longshore current

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6
Q

the possess by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

A

infiltration

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7
Q

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

A

water table

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8
Q

A rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space[

A

aquifer

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9
Q

porosity

A

the percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

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10
Q

Weathering

A

the process that involves the physical breakdown of materials on earths surface

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11
Q

soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water and air cable of supporting life on earth surface

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12
Q

Do rocks weather at the same rate?

A

no they don’t because there rock type and landscape

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13
Q

What are the two main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

Rock type and landscape

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14
Q

What are the two types of weathering?

A

Chemical and Mechanical

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15
Q

What type of change happens with mechanical weathering?

A

physical changes

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16
Q

What type of change happens with chemical weathering?

A

Chemical changes

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17
Q

What are the three specific types of mechanical weathering?

A

Frost weathering, Biological activity, collision

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18
Q

What causes wedging?

A

When water water collects in cracks of a rock then freezing, after a number of “Freeze thaw cycles” the rock will break apart

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19
Q

What is the cycle called during frost wedging?

A

Freeze-thaw

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20
Q

What causes biological activity?

A

plants and animals

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21
Q

What causes weathering during collisions?

A

rock slides or rock turbulent through rivers

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22
Q

What is parent material?

A

What soil is formed from

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23
Q

What are the two types of chemical weathering caused by?

A

Oxygen and water

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24
Q

What is the chemical process called that caused by oxygen?

A

oxidation

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25
Q

What is the chemical process called that is caused by water?

A

hydrolysis

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26
Q

What are soil horizons?

A

All the different layers of soil

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27
Q

How many soil horizons are there?

A

Six

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28
Q

True or false. All soils contain every soil horizon?

A

False

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29
Q

What are the specific soil horizons?

A

O, A, E, B, C, R

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30
Q

What does the first soil horizon contain?

A

Organic material

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31
Q

What is the second horizon made up of?

A

minerals

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32
Q

Which layer does leaching contain?

A

Horizon E

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33
Q

Which horizon collects materials from previous horizons?

A

Horizon B

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34
Q

Which layer is partially weathered bedrock?

A

Horizon c

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35
Q

Which layer is unweathwered bed rock?

A

Horizon R

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36
Q

Which soil horizons make up top soil?

A
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37
Q

Which soil horizons make up the subsoil?

A

O

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38
Q

Which soil horizons make up the true soil?

A

O a b c

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39
Q

What is the difference between weathering and erosion?

A

Weathering is the breakdown of materials

erosion is the removal of surface materials

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40
Q

if the slope of a river decreases what happens to the speed of the river

A

decreases

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41
Q

Small streams that flow into larger rivers are called ___________

A

Tributaries

42
Q

Land area that gathers water for a major river is called a ________

A

drainage basin

43
Q

A boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a _____________

A

Drainage divide

44
Q

As water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earth’s surface creating __________

A

channels

45
Q

Young rivers are ___________ due to the fast movement

A

V-shaped

46
Q

__________ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes

A

Mature

47
Q

When rivers flood and drop their sediment load which type of land flow is created?

A

Flood Plains

48
Q

What is a fan shaped sediment deposit that forms at the mouth of a river

A

Delta

49
Q

What are distributes?

A

the branch form deltas

50
Q

What land form forms where the mouth of the river or stream enters dry land?

A

Alluvial Fans

51
Q

What are the two types of glaciers?

A

Valley glaciers and Continental glaciers

52
Q

Where do valley glaciers form?

A

Form in high, mountainous regions

53
Q

Where do continental glaciers form?

A

Form in colder climates and take up large areas

54
Q

Where are the two continental located?

A

One in Greenland and one in Antarctica

55
Q

What is a cirque?

A

Bowl shaped basin

56
Q

What is an arete?

A

Where a long sharp ridge line between two tributary glaciers

57
Q

What is a horn in a mountains region?

A

the sharpens peaks

58
Q

What shape of valley do valley glaciers form?

A

U shaped

59
Q

What are tributary glaciers?

A

The small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

60
Q

What type of valleys do tributary glaciers form?

A

hanging valley

61
Q

Which side of the sand dune does erosion occur?

A

windward side

62
Q

which side of a sand dune does deposition occur?

A

leeward

63
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of small particles by wind, leaving heavier particles behind

64
Q

what is desert pavement?

A

When small particles are removed, the remaining surface

65
Q

what do the shapes and sizes of land forms do to wind depend on?

A

wind speed
amount of time the wind blows
sediment supply

66
Q

what are three land forms that are created due to wave erosion?

A

Coastal cliffs
sea stacks
sea arches

67
Q

What are two landforms that are created by wave deposition?

A

Sand bars and, sand splits

68
Q

What is a sand bar?

A

Landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

69
Q

what are sand splits?

A

simallier to sandbars except they curve back to the land

70
Q

What can cause land wasting?

A

Snow
heavey rains
earthquakes
human activity

71
Q

What are examples of land wasting?

A

Rock slides
mud flows
landslides

72
Q

The process of assigning a exact numerical age to an organism or an event

A

Absolute Dating

73
Q

the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

A

relative Dating

74
Q

states that the laws of nature operate today as they did in the past

A

Unformitarianism

75
Q

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers the youngest will be at the top and the oldest will be at the bottom

A

Principal of superposition

76
Q

gaps in the rock record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

A

uncomformity

77
Q

the remains or traces of organisms found in geological rock record

A

Fossil

78
Q

What is the percentage of water on the earth is salt?

A

97%

79
Q

What percentage of water on Earth is freshwater?

A

3%

80
Q

Where is the majority of freshwater found?

A

2% is found in glaciers

1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water

81
Q

Where is the smaller percentage of freshwater found?

A

1% is found in lakes, rivers, and ground water

82
Q

What is precipitation?

A

When water vapor in the air cools and condenses

forms rain snow sleet and hail

83
Q

What is runoff?

A

Water runs off the land surface

84
Q

What is infiltration?

A

The process by which water enters Earth and becomes groundwater below the surface

85
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

86
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

87
Q

What is condensation?

A

When water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules ton form water droplets

88
Q

What is the water cycle?

A

Where water on the land goes into the atmosphere and returns back to land

89
Q

What is an unsaturated zone for groundwater storage?

A

A porous area where water easily passes through

90
Q

What is a saturated zone for groundwater storage?Where water completely fills the pore space

A
91
Q

What is a water table?

A

The upper boundary of the saturated zone

92
Q

What does it mean if sediment is permeable?

A

The more permeable the sediment is the easier the water can pass through

93
Q

What is an aquifer?

A

A rock unit that can transfer water through it’s pore space

94
Q

What is the name of the Great Plains aquifer?

A

Ogallala Aquifer

95
Q

How many states does the great Plains Aquifer run through?

A

Eight

96
Q

What are the names of the states the states that the great plains aquifer run through?

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas

97
Q

What is an aquitard?

A

a impermeable layer of sediment that holds water

98
Q

How are the water springs formed?

A

where the water table naturally meets earth’s surface

99
Q

What is an artesian well?

A

when we drill down into pressurized aqiffers

100
Q

What is the cone of depression?

A

the direction that the water flows down toward the well

physical science (7 decks)

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