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Anatomy II > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

pH of blood

A

slightly basic (7.35-7.45)

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2
Q

is blood temperature higher or lower than body temperature

A

higher

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3
Q

how does blood aid in heat exchange?

A

circulation

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4
Q

what % of body mass does blood make up?

A

8%

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5
Q

about how much blood is in the body?

A

5L or 1.5 gal

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6
Q

T/F: blood is the only fluid tissue

A

true

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7
Q

is the circulatory system open or closed?

A

closed

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8
Q

functions of blood

A 
delivers oxygen and nutrients
transports metabolic wastes out of cells
maintains body temp
maintains body pH
maintains fluid volume
prevents blood loss
prevents infection
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9
Q

how does blood maintain body pH?

A

bicarbonate

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10
Q

how does blood maintain fluid volume?

A

liquid tissue

electrolytes

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11
Q

how does blood prevent blood loss?

A

clotting

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12
Q

formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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13
Q

blood components

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets
plasma

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14
Q

main function of erythrocytes

A

carry respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)

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15
Q

are erythrocytes living cells?

A

no

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16
Q

erythrocytes make up ____% of blood volume

A

45

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17
Q

main function of leukocytes

A

immunity

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18
Q

are leukocytes living cells?

A

yes

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19
Q

which type of formed elements are also known as cellular fragments?

A

platelets

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20
Q

platelets contain ____, with things that have ___ functions

A

vesicles; clotting

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21
Q

leukocytes and platelets make up ___% of blood volume

A

1%

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22
Q

plasma

A

liquid component of blood

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23
Q

components of plasma

A 
mostly water
proteins dissolved in water
metabolic waste
nutrients electrolytes
gases
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24
Q

erythrocyte shape

A

biconcave

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25
Q

why are erythrocytes biconcave

A

cells that gave rise to RBCs lost nucleus and lost lots of cytoplasm

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26
Q

do erythrocytes have nucleus?

A

no

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27
Q

what gives erythrocytes their pigment?

A

hemoglobin

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28
Q

what is the function of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes?

A

to help remove toxic free radicals

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29
Q

hemoglobin

A

globin protein bound to heme pigment

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30
Q

globin

A

4 polypeptide chains; 2 alpha, 2 beta

protein part of hemoglobin

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31
Q

heme

A

pigment of hemoglobin

contains oxygen-binding iron

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32
Q

each molecule of hemoglobin can carry ___ molecules of iron

A

4

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33
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 bound to globin

20% of Co2 is this

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34
Q

erythrocyte disorders

A

anemia

polycythemia

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35
Q

anemia

A

too little RBCs

decreased O2 carrying ability

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36
Q

polycythemia

A

too many RBCs

cant deliver O2 well because blood is too thick

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37
Q

erythropoiesis definition

A

production of RBCs

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38
Q

where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

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39
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of all 3 types of blood cells

composition of cells dependent on body’s needs

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40
Q

how much blood does the body produce per day

A

1 oz

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41
Q

erythropoiesis process

A
  1. hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
  2. myeloid stem cell becomes proerythoblast
  3. proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
  4. early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
  5. late erythroblast becomes normoblast
  6. normoblast loses organelles and nucleus and becomes reticulocyte
  7. reticulocytes mature in bloodstream and become erythrocytes
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42
Q

how long does erythropoiesis last? How many blood cells are produced per second?

A

3-5 day process

produces 2million/second

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43
Q

all blood cell production starts from _______

A

hemocytoblast

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44
Q

pleuripotent

A

give rise to other different cells

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45
Q

first committed cell of erythropoiesis

A

proerythroblast

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46
Q

immature RBC

A

reticulocyte

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47
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by kidneys

kidneys are stimulates by decreased oxygen concentration in blood

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48
Q

testosterone

A

stimulates kidneys to produce erythropoietin

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49
Q

why do women have lower average number of RBC?

A

because they have less testosterone, and because men dont lose blood monthly

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50
Q

how does dietary iron regulate erythropoiesis

A

stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin

transported in blood as trans ferrin

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51
Q

liver storage forms of iron

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

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52
Q

what components regulate erythropoiesis?

A 
erythropoietin
testosterone
iron
B vitamins
Dietary nutrients
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53
Q

which B vitamins regulate erythropoietin

A

B12 and folic acid

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54
Q

erythrocyte lifespan

A

100-120 days

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55
Q

erythrocyte breakdown process

A

Old erythrocytes destroyed by macrophages
Heme split from globin
Iron bound to protein and stored
Bilirubin produced
Picked up by liver and secreted as bile into intestine
Pigment (heme) degraded and expelled into feces
Globin broken down into AAs

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56
Q

Where are old erythrocytes destroyed in erythrocyte breakdown?

A

Spleen

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57
Q

Bilirubin is produced from broken down _____

A

Heme

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58
Q

Is there a greater amount of WBC or RBC?

A

RBC

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59
Q

Which type of blood cell is “living cells with nuclei and organelles”

A

Leukocytes

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60
Q

Postive chemotaxis is displayed by ____ . What is this?

A

Leukocytes; attraction toward certain chemicsls

61
Q

Diapedesis

A

Ability of a cell to leave circulation (out of vessel) and go into interstitial space

62
Q

Are RBCs diapedetic? Are WBCs?

A

No; some yes

63
Q

Two main types of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

64
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

65
Q

Types of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

66
Q

neutrophils

A

50-70% of WBCs
phagocytic WBCs
function during inflammatory process

67
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4% of WBCs
2-lobed nucleus (constricted waist)
granules carry enzymes that attract and destroy parasitic worms

68
Q

basophils

A

.5-2% of WBCs

granules contain histamine, which attracts other WBCs

69
Q

lymphocytes

A

25% of WBCs
most of cell is nucleus
mostly in lymphatic tissue
B or T lymphocytes

70
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

71
Q

T lymphocytes

A

attack infected cells or our own abnormal cells

72
Q

monocytes

A

3-8% of WBCs
largest
U-shaped nucleus (not constricted at waist)
diapedesis and becomes macrophage

73
Q

leukopoiesis

A

production of WBCs

74
Q

hemocytoblasts give rise to ____ and ____

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

75
Q

granulocyte leukopoiesis process

A
  1. hemocytoblast gives rise to myeloid stem cell
  2. myeloid stem cells become myeloblasts
  3. myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes
  4. promyelocytes differentiate to become myelocytes
  5. cell division stops and nuclei arch to form band cells
  6. nuclei constrict and segment to form mature granulocytes
76
Q

life span of granulocytes

A

1/2 day to 90 days

77
Q

monocyte leukopoiesis

A
  1. hemocytoblast gives rise to myeloid stem cell
  2. myeloid stem cells become monoblasts
  3. monoblasts become promonocytes
  4. promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissue
78
Q

monocyte life span

A

up to 2 months

79
Q

lymphocyte leukopoiesis

A
  1. hemocytoblast becomes lymphoid stem cell
  2. lymphoid stem cell becomes lymphoblast
  3. lymphoblast becomes pro lymphocyte
  4. pro lymphocytes leave bone marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue
80
Q

lifespan of lymphocytes

A

weeks to decades

81
Q

leukopoiesis regulators

A

interleukins

colony stimulating factors

82
Q

interleukins

A

promote wbc action

83
Q

most important leukopoiesis regulator

A

colony stimulating factor

84
Q

leukemia

A

cancerous leukocyte disorder

85
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

increase in number of agranulocytes due to virus

86
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBC count

87
Q

platelets

A

anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytic

granules contain clotting chemicals

88
Q

thrombopoiesis process

A
  1. hemocytoblasts become myeloid stem cells
  2. myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts
  3. megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis, but no cytokinesis, to form megakaryocytes
  4. cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocytes break off to become platelets
89
Q

regulator of thromboiesis

A

thrombopoietin

90
Q

what is hemostasis

A

blood clotting (cessation of bleeding)

91
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation

92
Q

vascular spasm

A

in response to damaged blood vessel, blood vessel constricts, which decreases amount of blood that can be lost

93
Q

platelet plug

A

beginning of clot formation

platelets stack at site of damage

94
Q

coagulation

A

gelling of platelets at leak site

activation of protein fibers is important; fibrin holds it all in place

95
Q

how many different clotting proteins are there?

A

13

96
Q

platelet plug formation

A
  1. drainage to blood vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers
  2. damage also releases von Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2
  3. causes “glue trap” for platelets to collect and adhere at site of damage
  4. once attached, thrombin activates platelets to break down and release chemical contents (clotting factors)
97
Q

collagen fibers in vessel walls are made of _____

A

connective tissue

98
Q

T/F platelets stick to epithelium of vessel wall when forming plug

A

false! platelets stick to collagen, not epithelium

99
Q

what is von willebrand factor?

A

plasma protein

100
Q

what is thromboxane A2?

A

prostaglandin produced by damaged tissue in platelet plug formation

101
Q

what limits platelet plug to only at the site of damage?

A

intact endothelial cells secrete PGI2 and heparin to prevent platelets from adhering
vitamin E quinone prevents coagulation

102
Q

PGI2

A

prostaglandin (prostacyclin) secreted by intact endothelial cells to limit platelet plug

103
Q

heparin

A

prostaglandin/anticoagulant secreted and produced by intact endothelial cells to limit platelet plug

104
Q

which coagulation pathway is “just platelets”?

A

intrinsic

105
Q

which coagulation pathway uses additional chemicals and proceeds faster?

A

extrinsic

106
Q

intrinsic coagulation pathway

A
  1. series of reactions in which clotting reactions are converted to their active forms
  2. aggregated platelets release PF3
  3. PF3 activates other intermediates leading to activation of Factor X
  4. activated factor X combines with Ca, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
  5. prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
  6. thrombin catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin
  7. thrombin also activates factor XIII, which links fibrin strands together
107
Q

what is prothrombin activator made of?

A

Ca, factor X, PF3, factor V

108
Q

extrinsic coagulation pathway

A
  1. injured cells release tissue factor

2. tissue factor interacts with PF3 to allow shortcut to factor X activation

109
Q

difference between intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation

A

extrinsic is faster

110
Q

what do contractile proteins do

A

cause platelets to contract and squeeze out serum to compact clot; drawing ruptured edges of vessel closer together

111
Q

what stimulates vessel repair in clot retraction?

A

PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

112
Q

what is fibrinolysis

A

breakdown of fibrin (while tissue repair is happening)

113
Q

fibrinolysis process

A
  1. clot accumulates plasminogen
  2. plasminogen is activated to plasmin by TPA (tissue plasminogen activator)
  3. plasmin digests fibrin
114
Q

how is TPA produced

A

by epithelial cells that are producing/dividing

115
Q

how are clotting factors carried away from site of damage

A

by circulating blood

116
Q

clot limiting factors

A
  • circulating blood carries away clotting factors
  • antithrombin III
  • protein C
  • heparin
117
Q

antithrombin III

A

plasma protein that inactivates some thrombin to limit clot

118
Q

protein C

A

plasma protein that inhibits intrinsic pathway events; decreasing steps that lead to thrombin production

to limit clot

119
Q

how does heparin limit clotting

A

enhances activity of antithrombin III and inhibits intrinsic pathway events

120
Q

hemostasis disorders

A

thromboembolytic disorders- thrombus, embolus

bleeding disorders- thrombocytopenia, hemophilia

121
Q

thrombolytic disorders

A

hemostasis disorders in which there is too much clotting

thrombus and embolus

122
Q

what would be described to a patient with a thrombolytic disorder

A

anticoagulant

123
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot that stays attached at site of damage; blocks/reduces blood flow

124
Q

embolus

A

free flowing blood clot; travels into small vessels and can cause blockages
can lead to heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism

125
Q

bleeding disorders

A

hemostasis disorders in which there is not enough clotting; usually causes internal bleeding

126
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

low platelet concentration because of some pathology

127
Q

hemophilia

A

genetic disorder in which you cannot code for proteins involved in clotting

128
Q

which type of blood cell is used for blood typing

A

red blood cell

129
Q

human blood typing is determined by presence of ________

A

agglutinogens

130
Q

agglutinogen

A

cell surface markers on RBC

A, B, Rh(D)

131
Q

agglutinogens direct production of _______

A

agglutinins

Anti-__

132
Q

a person with blood type A positive can receive blood from which blood types?

A

A+
A-
O+
O-

133
Q

a person with blood type A positive can donate blood to which blood types?

A

A+

AB+

134
Q

a person with blood type A negative can receive blood from which blood types?

A

A-

O-

135
Q

a person with blood type A negative can donate blood to which blood types?

A

A+
A-
AB+
AB-

136
Q

a person with blood type B positive can receive blood from which blood types?

A

B+
B-
O+
O-

137
Q

a person with blood type B positive can donate blood to which blood types?

A

B+

AB+

138
Q

a person with blood type B negative can receive blood from which blood types?

A

B-

O-

139
Q

a person with blood type B negative can donate blood to which blood types?

A

B+
B-
AB+
AB-

140
Q

universal recipient blood type

A

AB+

141
Q

a person with blood type AB positive can donate blood to which blood types?

A

AB+ only

142
Q

a person with blood type AB negative can receive blood from which blood types?

A

AB-
A-
B-
O-

143
Q

a person with blood type AB negative can donate blood to which blood types?

A

AB+

AB-

144
Q

a person with blood type O positive can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O+

O-

145
Q

a person with blood type O positive can donate blood to which blood types?

A

A+
B+
O+
AB+

146
Q

a person with blood type O negative can receive blood from which blood types?

A

O- only

147
Q

universal donor

A

O- blood

148
Q

erythroblastis fetalis

A

hemolytic disorder of newborns

if mom Rh-, dad Rh+, first baby –> mom and baby okay

if same circumstances but second baby –> baby is stillborn

149
Q

in the 50s, couples got blood tested to see if they were compatible to have a baby
now, if mother is Rh-, doctors will give her injection of _____ to decrease production of anti-Rh

A

Rhogam

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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