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Anatomy II > Temperature Regulation > Flashcards

Temperature Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

nutrient pools

A

when you eat food, the subunits of nutrients go into either pool of free AAs or free carbs and fats
conversion between pools happens in liver

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2
Q

amino acid pools

A

amino acids can be immediately used as building blocks or sometimes amino acids can be deaminated and converted into carb-lipid type substances
if deaminated, amine will be excreted as urea

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3
Q

carb and lipid pools

A

carbs and lipids can be used immediately for energy or immediately as building blocks or can go to storage
can do opposite of deamination reaction to become proteins

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4
Q

metabolic states

A

absorptive or postabsorptive

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5
Q

absorptive state

A

during/immediately after a meal
nutrient levels in bloodstream are high
major reactions at this time are anabolic

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6
Q

post absorptive state

A

not immediately after meal (much later)
GI tract is empty- not bringing nutrients into bloodstream
break down reserve/storage molecules
mostly catabolic reactions

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7
Q

how are glucose levels in blood homeostatically maintained?

A

through hormonal and neural control

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8
Q

hormonal control of glucose levels

A

pancreas produces insulin to decrease bgl and glucagon to increase bgl

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9
Q

insulin

A

major hormone of absorptive state
high bgl stimulates pancreas to produce insulin
decreases bgl

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10
Q

insulin actions

A

promote protein synthesis
stimulate glycolysis
prompt cells to take up and break down (oxidize) glucose

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11
Q

glucagon

A

low bgl stimulates pancreas to produce glucagon

causes increase in bgl

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12
Q

glucagon actions

A

stimulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

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13
Q

when does neural control of blood glucose occur?

A

in post absorptive state; low bgl is stimulus

results in increased bgl

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14
Q

neural control of blood glucose

A

sympathetic stimulation changes use of glucose
most signals go to adipose tissue; causes glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
some signals go to adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine
epinephrine acts on liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to promote glycolysis and glycogenolysis
all to increase bgl

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15
Q

role of epinephrine in blood glucose

A

neural stimulation of adrenal medulla causes secretion of epinephrine
acts on liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to promote glycolysis and glycogenolysis

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16
Q

functions of liver

A

primary: recycle red blood cells
also: makes cholesterol available to rest of body (produces VLDL and breaks down HDL)

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17
Q

cholesterol

A

structural molecule that is a part of plasma membrane

cannot travel in blood without carrier molecule- lipoprotein

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18
Q

lipoprotein

A

carrier molecule that can carry proteins or lipids

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19
Q

how does the liver produce VLDLs

A

liver packs lipoprotein with lots of cholesterol

cholesterol is lighter than proteins, so lipoprotein loaded with cholesterol has much lower density than possible

20
Q

what happens once liver makes VLDL?

A

before VLDL leaves liver, some of its cholesterol is pulled off (this makes it a LDL)
LDL is released into bloodstream and carries cholesterol to cells that need it
lipoprotein gets heavier with each cholesterol delivery bc cells take cholesterol and give back protein (this converts LDL to HDL)
HDL goes back to liver, proteins get replaces for cholesterol, and cycle continues

21
Q

metabolism

A

breakdown of molecules to produce energy

22
Q

metabolic rate

A

rate of energy production

23
Q

_____ is byproduct of metabolism

A

heat

24
Q

calorigenic effect

A

we maintain a relatively constant body temp bc we’re breaking down food we’ve eaten to generate that heat

25
Q

how do we measure metabolic rate

A

by measuring heat produced during metabolic reactions

26
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

amount of energy needed just to keep us alive

27
Q

ways to measure BMR

A

colorimeter (direct)
respirometer (indirect)
patient must be in post absorptive state (no food for 12hr) and at rest

28
Q

colorimeter

A

direct way to measure BMR

measuring heat change of water after dunking patient in

29
Q

respirometer

A

indirect way of measuring BMR

measuring amount of O2 patient takes in

30
Q

total metabolic rate (TMR)

A

BMR plus all other energy you need in the day

more variable than BMR

31
Q

conduit of heat exchange

A

blood

32
Q

what do the core and shell of body have to do with body temperature

A

exchange of blood between core and shell affects heat exchange with environment

33
Q

4 methods of heat exchange

A

radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation

34
Q

radiation

A

losing heat to environment (when it’s less than 98 degrees out)

35
Q

conduction

A

coming in contact with something colder than you

heat transfers from you to the cold surface

36
Q

convection

A

increased heat exchange through air flow

fan is example

37
Q

evaporation

A

when liquid converts to gas, it takes heat with it

sensible or insensible H2O loss

38
Q

sensible water loss

A

creating sweat in order to cool off

39
Q

insensible heat loss

A

losing moistened air on expiration

40
Q

heat-promoting mechanisms

A 
vasoconstriction
increase metabolic rate
behavioral mechanisms
shivering
thyroxine release
41
Q

vasoconstriction

A

heat promoting mechanisms

to keep blood in core, instead of going to shell where it will be lost

42
Q

non-shivering thermogenesis

A

production of heat through increased metabolic activity

norepinephrine release causes increase in cellular respiration

43
Q

shivering

A

involuntary muscular contractions

44
Q

thyroxine release

A

method of heat promotion that babies do

increases metabolic rate

45
Q

heat loss mechanisms

A

vasodilation
behavioral mechanisms
sweating

46
Q

fever process

A
  1. infected cells release pyrogens
  2. pyrogens cause hypothalamus to release prostaglandins
  3. prostaglandins reset thermostat (make set point higher)
  4. vasoconstriction and shivering result
  5. body temp increases

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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