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Anatomy II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what structures are involved with filtering blood?`

A

spleen, liver, kidneys

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2
Q

how much blood passes through kidneys per day

A

180L

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3
Q

components of urinary system

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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4
Q

kidneys are size of ____ and located in ______

A

fist; small of back

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5
Q

ureters

A

drainage tube off kidney

as blood gets filtered by kidney, filtrate collects and moves through ureters to urinary bladder

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6
Q

urethra

A

exit for urine to outside of body

includes 2 sets of sphincters (internal/external)

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7
Q

how are female and male urethras different?

A

female- shorter, urine only

male- longer, urine and semen

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8
Q

accessory organs of urinary system

A

there aren’t any!

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9
Q

functions of urinary system

A 
fluid filtration
regulate blood volume
maintains water/salt balance
gluconeogenesis
renin production
erythropoietin production
activates vitamin D
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10
Q

how is urinary system involved with fluid filtration

A

plasma gets filtered
of 180 L of blood, we eliminate 1% as urine (waste)
reliant on pressure

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11
Q

how is urinary system involved in regulation of blood volume

A

as we filter blood, most of it gets reclaimed by body

blood volume and blood pressure have positive correlation

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12
Q

how is urinary system involved with maintaining water/salt balance

A

uses osmotic gradients to move ions and fluids back and forth

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13
Q

how is urinary system involved in gluconeogenesis

A

conversion of noncarbs to carbs occurs in kidneys

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14
Q

how is urinary system involved in renin production

A

part of renin-angiotensin mechanism

involved in bp regulation and kidney functioning

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15
Q

how is urinary system involved in erythropoietin production

A

erythropoietin is signal that tells blood cells to produce more red blood cells

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16
Q

why does the urinary system need to activate vitamin D

A

when in sunlight , skin produces inactive vitamin D

this must be activated to absorb dietary vitamin C

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17
Q

components of kidney structure

A 
capsule
cortex
medulla
pelvis
pyramids
columns
major calyx
minor calyx
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18
Q

renal pelvis

A

where ureter flattens out as it gets toward hilum of kidney

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19
Q

renal sinus

A

space within renal pelvis

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20
Q

renal pyramids

A

triangular structures in medulla

striped bc they are collections of collecting tubules that collect filtrate and move it to ureter

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21
Q

renal columns

A

spaces between renal pyramids

made of inward extension of cortical tissue

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22
Q

what are renal columns made of?

A

inward extensions of cortical (cortex) tissue

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23
Q

major calyces

A

junction of 2+ minor calyces

connect to become renal pelvis

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24
Q

minor calyces

A

collection chamber at end of each pyramid

collects filtrate and moves it to major calyx to ureter

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25
Q

supportive layers of kidney

A

renal capsule
adipose capsule
renal capsule

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26
Q

renal capsule

A

outer layer of kidney; identifies boundaries of edge of kidney

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27
Q

adipose capsule

A

surrounds kidney; protects from heat loss when blood gets close to shell of body when going to kidney
insulates and cushions

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28
Q

renal fascia

A

anchors kidney in place

bc kidney is retroperitoneal, and mesentery doesn’t keep it in place

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29
Q

nephron

A

structural and functional unit of kidney
over 1m nephrons in kidney
where filtrate is changed to urine

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30
Q

t/f arterioles supply nephron, venules drain nephron

A

false! arterioles both supply and drain capillary beds of nephron (glomerulus)

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31
Q

nephron components

A

glomerulus
renal tubule
collecting ducts
renal corpuscle

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32
Q

glomerulus

A

modified capillary bed in nephron
afferent arteriole supplies with blood, efferent arteriole drains
bp in this capillary is higher than any other in body –> more filtration

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33
Q

renal tubule

A

component of nephron that captures all stuff that was filtered in capillaries
where we turn filtrate to urine
composed of glomerular capsule, PCT, loop of hence, and DCT

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34
Q

collecting ducts

A

component of nephron that contains many renal tubules

makes renal pyramids striped

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35
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + glomerular capsule

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36
Q

glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

A

surrounds glomerulus

anything that moves out of capillary gets contained here

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37
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

continuation of bowman’s capsule

leads to loop then to DCT

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38
Q

types of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

juxtamedullary nephrons

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39
Q

cortical nephrons

A

mostly in cortex of kidney; only small part of loop of Henle goes into medulla
85% of nephrons in body

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40
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

close to medulla; larger part of loop of henle goes into medulla
deeper the nephron goes into medulla –> the more concentrated the urine that’s produced
15% of neurons in body

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41
Q

how does the body change concentration based on water needs

A

if we’re dehydrated…
send more blood to juxtamedullary nephrons than if we weren’t dehydrated
arterioles supplying cortical nephrons constrict; arterioles supplying juxtamedullary nephrons dilate
this is done in varying degrees to fine tune concentration of urine we eliminate

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42
Q

nephron vasculature components

A 
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
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43
Q

efferent arteriole

A

drains blood from glomerulus

creates capillary bed that surrounds renal tubule

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44
Q

site of filtration

A

glomerulus

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45
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

capillary bed that surrounds renal tubule

connect to venule; carries blood back to heart

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46
Q

vasa recta

A

modified peritubular capillaries in juxtamedullary nephron
surround loop of Henle
more efficient than peritubular capillaries

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47
Q

juxtamedullary apparatus

A

modification where distal convoluted tubule runs closely against afferent arteriole
modification of cells of tubule and cells of capillary
mostly affects rate of filtrate formation

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48
Q

afferent arteriole wall cell modification of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

JG Cells

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49
Q

distal convoluted tubule cell modification of juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa cells

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50
Q

jg cells

A 
smooth muscle cells become enlarged and gain ability to produce renin
function as mechanoreceptors (monitor pressure)
afferent arteriole supplies blood to glomerulus; as bp changes, filtration changes
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51
Q

macula densa cells

A

act as chemoreceptors- monitor concentration of filtrate that passes through DCT
these changes in concentration are detected –> changes activity of what happens in kidney
md cells can tell jg cells to secrete renin

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52
Q

components of filtration membrane

A

fenestrated epithelium
podocytes
basement membrane

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53
Q

fenestrated epithelium of filtration membrane

A

has little pores that allow everything in plasma to pass through
except does not let cells pass through

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54
Q

podocytes

A

part of filtration membrane that limits amount of filtration that can occur so we don’t lose too much fluid
has cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around capillary
makes filtration slits where filtration can occur

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55
Q

filtration slits

A

spaces between podocytes where filtration can occur

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56
Q

basement membrane of filtration membrane

A

surrounds capillaries

prevents proteins from being able to escape out of circulation

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57
Q

_____ allow proteins out; ____ prevents proteins from actually getting out

A

pores and capillaries; basement membrane

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58
Q

3 steps of urine formation

A

filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

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59
Q

filtration stage of urine formation

A 
only occurs at glomerulus
passive process (no energy) 
mostly non-selective process
uses mostly hydrostatic pressure of fluid inside capillary to filter
60
Q

hydrostatic pressure inside capillary is the same as

A

blood pressure

61
Q

where do resorption/secretion occur?

A

along entire length of PCT, and sometimes in top part of collecting duct
starts immediately along PCT

62
Q

tubular reabsorption (second stage of urine formation)

A

resorbing things from filtrate/tubule back into blood circulation to stay in body
organic nutrients completely reabsorbed (100%)
ions and water- amount of reabsorption varies based on hormonal control
can be passive or active

63
Q

how are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed

A

completely! bc they are organic nutrients

64
Q

how are ions and water reabsorbed?

A

amount of reabsorption varies based on hormonal control

65
Q

tubular secretion (third stage of urine formation)

A

putting stuff back into filtrate/tubule bc we don’t want it
clearing plasma of unwanted substances
end result is urine that contains both filtered and secreted substances

66
Q

2 reasons for tubular secretion

A

never filtered bas stuff out

accidentally reabsorbed bad stuff

67
Q

major controlling force of filtration pressure

A

blood pressure

68
Q

types of filtration pressure

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space
colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
capsular hydrostatic pressure
end result= net filtration pressure

69
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure inside glomerular capsule

same as bp

70
Q

t/f glomerular hydrostatic pressure is same as bp

A

truw

71
Q

colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space

A

proteins that have never been filtered out and accumulate in filtrate
this should be 0! bc proteins should not be in filtrate
solute dissolves in liquid

72
Q

colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

A

where we should have protein accumulation –> creates pressure of water wanting to come back in
putting some fluid back in
generally not v significant, but contributes to net filtration pressure

73
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

as fluid moves out into bowman’s capsule, this creates hydrostatic pressure
pressure inside blood vessels pushes on pressure outside of blood vessels
pressure inside blood vessels always higher

74
Q

net filtration pressure

A

end result of all other filtration pressures

always positive –> we want to filter whatever is in capillary

75
Q

what would happen to filtration rate if liver starts producing extra albumin (protein)?

A

filtration would decrease because more proteins in blood means more H2O gets into blood

76
Q

if theres a kink in renal tubule that prevents filtrate from moving through, what effect will that have on filtration?

A

pressure increases until pressures are equal, then filtration stops (renal failure)

77
Q

rbf

A

renal blood flow

amount of blood passing through glomerulus

78
Q

gfr

A

glomerular filtration rate

how much the blood that passes through glomerulus is filtered

79
Q

constriction of afferent arteriole causes…

A

decreased rbf

decreased gfr

80
Q

dilation of afferent arteriole causes…

A

increased rbf

increased gfr

81
Q

constriction of efferent arteriole causes ______. Why?

A

decreased rbf, increased gfr
blood is still being sent to glomerulus but cannot pass through as quickly; blood pooling on back pressure causes increased filtration

82
Q

dilation of efferent arteriole causes ___. Why?

A

increased rbf, decreased gfr

blood passes through faster, but bc its passing through so quickly less filtration can occur

83
Q

kidney can regulate amount of filtration by ________

A

changing diameter of afferent or efferent arteriole

84
Q

t/f kidney tries to change its amount of filtration based on body needs

A

false

kidney tries to maintain constant rate of filtration

85
Q

intrinsic mechanisms of filtration regulation

A

myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

tubuloglomerular mechanism of auto regulation

86
Q

extrinsic mechanisms of filtration regulation

A

neural mechanism

hormonal (renin-angiotensin) mechanism

87
Q

filtration regulation mechanisms

A 
myogenic mechanism of autoregulation
tubuloglomegular mechanism of autoregulation
neural mechanism
hormonal mechanism
prostaglandins
nitric oxide
adenosine
endothelin
88
Q

myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

A

if we put stretch on wall of blood vessel –> renal vascular smooth muscle thats stretched responds by contracting
so, if bp is low, then less stretch, then blood vessel dilates and GFR increases

89
Q

how to increase gfr by myogenic mechanism of autoregulation

A

if bp low –> reduction of stretch –> vasodilation of afferent arterioles –> increased GFR

90
Q

tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation

A

controlled by macula dense cells in JG apparatus
MD cells monitor concentration of filtrate passing through DCT
if low flow or low osmolality (dilute) –> causes vasodilation of afferent arteriole –> increased GFR
links to hormonal mechanism

91
Q

neural mechanism of filtration regulation

A

changes diameter of vessels supplying kidney so blood goes to other places
baroreceptors in blood vessels of systemic circulation
sympathetic nervous system releases norepinephrine –> causes vasoconstriction –> increased GFR
can override everything else in time of emergency

92
Q

hormonal mechanism of filtration regulation

A
  • JG cells are in walls of arterioles monitoring bp
  • if bp decreases, JG stimulates production/release of renin –> renin activates angiotensinogen
  • renin distributed by circ. system, which causes systemic vasoconstriction, which slightly increases bp
  • renin directly causes increases of Na reabsorption
  • renin activates angiotensin, stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  • drop in blood pressure would cause drop in filtration in kidney
93
Q

what happens because of renin directly causing increase of sodium reabsorption

A

sodium creates gradient –> movement of water

water out of tubule causes bp to increase

94
Q

what happens bc of renin activating angiotensin and stimulating adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

A

aldosterone is major hormonal regulator of Na reabsorption in kidney –> more water follows –> bp increases

95
Q

how do prostaglandins regulate filtration?

A

prostaglandins are localized signaling molecules –> kidney secretes these to cause other things to happen
they cause vasodilation in afferent arterioles

96
Q

how does nitric oxide regulate filtration?

A

vasodilator

increases filtration rate

97
Q

how does adenosine regulate filtration?

A

vasoconstrictor in kidneys –> causes decreased filtration rate
in all rest of body, adenosine is vasodilator

98
Q

how does endothelin regulate filtration?

A

vasoconstriction

endothelia is secretions from endothelial cells lining blood vessels in kidneys

99
Q

where does most reabsorption occur

A

proximal convoluted tubule

100
Q

2 mechanisms of reabsorption in renal tubule

A

transepithelial process

paracellular process

101
Q

there are some things we do not want to reabsorb, such as ________

A

products of protein metabolism
urea, creatine, uric acid
nitrogenous compounds from protein metabolism

102
Q

biggest users of ATP

A

kidney

103
Q

___% of glucose, lactic, acid, etc should be reclaimed

A

100%

104
Q

__% of H2O comes back into bloodstream

A

99

105
Q

__% of Na is reabsorbed into blood

A

99.5

106
Q

most common mechanism of tubular reabsorption

A

transepithelial process

107
Q

transepithelial process

A

filtrate goes out of tubule into walls of tubule –> interstitial space –> lumen
has to go through 3 layers of epithelial cells to get out
has to move things passively and actively
water will follow an osmotic gradient –> needs solutes then
cells that make up tubule have tight impermeable junctions (tightly anchored on lumen side, looser on other side)

108
Q

paracellular process

A

channel proteins help
ions are out in interstitial space; create gradient for H2O movement
increase efficiency of transepithelial process by allowing ions to separate from H2O
creates osmotic gradient that causes fluid to move out of cells; ions/fluids move into capillaries

109
Q

action in descending limb of loop of henle

A

freely permeable to water
force is osmosis (passive)
only water can pass out

110
Q

action in ascending limb of loop of henle

A

impermeable to water
permeable to ions (these create gradient for osmosis in descending limb)
requires energy

111
Q

how does ascending limb require energy

A

Na can move passively or actively
aldosterone impacts this ^ because increased aldosterone causes increased Na absorption –> creates gradient
can modify concentrations
ADH changes amount of water movement in DCT and CT

112
Q

ADH changes amount of water movement in ________

A

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

113
Q

increase in aldosterone causes _______ Na absorption

A

increased

114
Q

is urine in loop of henle very concentrated or very dilute?

A

very concentrated

less and less water as you move up ascending limb

115
Q

action of proximal convoluted tubule

A

most active of all reabsorptive portions of renal tubule
100% of glucose, Amino Acids, Lactate reabsorbed
65% of water and Na reabsorbed here (rest is under hormonal control)
reabsorbs bicarbonate and Cl
tubular secretion and reabsorption occurring simultaneously

116
Q

collecting duct action

A

under hormonal influences

aquaporins are in walls of collecting duct; generally closed channel for water; opened by ADH!

117
Q

action of distal convoluted tubule

A

continued reabsorption and secretion
major hormonal influences (absorption based on body needs)
change reabsorption of water and ions
normally impermeable to water, but hormones (like ADH) can change that

118
Q

countercurrent mechanism

A

flow in one tubule is going opposite direction of flow in another tubule –> this increases efficiency of exchange because it causes a gradient
this is happening in loop of henle
almost 100% efficiency

119
Q

renal gradient

A

as we move from cortex, the fluids in interstitial spaces get more and more concentrated –> this pulls more H2O
all glomerular capillaries are in cortex; loop of Henle is in medulla

120
Q

countercurrents exchanger

A

by suppressing aldosterone and shutting off reabsorption of Na
keeps aquaporins closed –> dilute urine
vasa recta are freely permeable to H2O and salt

121
Q

vasa recta are freely permeable to _____

A

water and salt

122
Q

steps of micturition

A
  1. urine accumulates in bladder
  2. eventually stretch receptors activated
  3. stretch receptors send signal to brain
123
Q

are voiding reflexes conscious or unconscious?

A

conscious

124
Q

voiding reflex

A

parasympathetic stimulation contracts bladder and relaxes internal/external sphincters
external sphincters are under conscious control so you can “hold it” and override voiding reflex

125
Q

concentration of urine dependent on ______

A

ADH secretion and aldosterone

126
Q

ADH is released by _____

A

posterior pituitary

127
Q

ADH release if (Shut off/Turned on) when you drink alcohol, which is why you pee a lot

A

shut off

128
Q

how does ADH affect reabsorption

A

ADH increases reabsorption to help form a more concentrated urine

129
Q

how does ADH affect urine concentration

A

ADH production increases water reabsorption from collecting duct
low ADH –> dilute urine
more ADH –> more water absorbed –> more concentrated urine

130
Q

flow is ___ from kidney to ureter to bladder

A

passive

131
Q

are there any sphincters along ureter to regulate flow?

A

no

132
Q

trigone

A

below ureter openings, creates triangle shape into urethra
made of 2 ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice
sensitive to expansion –> once stretched enough, sends signal to brain to pee

133
Q

rugae of urinary bladder

A

changes volume of bladder without stretching/distending bladder and causing us to pee

134
Q

___ sends signal to brain to bee

A

stretch

135
Q

lining of bladder is made of ______

A

transitional epithelium

136
Q

internal sphincter of urethra is (involuntary/voluntary)

A

involuntary

137
Q

external sphincter of urethra is (involuntary/voluntary)

A

voluntary

138
Q

urinary bladder

A

muscular storage sack for urine

139
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

descending limb and ascending limb in different directions
greatest concentration of ions are at bottom of descending limb
loop of Henle surrounded by vasa recta (runs in diff direction, multiplies amt of absorption)
capillaries that run around this are also running in opposite directions
fluids in PCT osmotically equal to plasma (except proteins)
we increase efficiency of kidney by running things in opposite directions

140
Q

loop of henle surrounded by _____

A

vasa recta

141
Q

fluids in PCT osmotically = to ____

A

plasma

142
Q

descending limb freely permeable to _______; impermeable to ________

A

water; solutes

so filtrate gets more concentrated as it moves down

143
Q

ascending limb selectively permeable to _______; impermeable to ________

A

solutes; water

144
Q

collecting ducts permeable to ______

A

urea

145
Q

how does urea permeability of collecting duct help with gradient

A

some urea can sneak out of collecting duct to increase gradient when we need more water

146
Q

deeper into medulla, there is a _____ gradient; this causes ______ absorption

A

greater; greater

Anatomy II (17 decks)

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