11.12 Ice and Rain Formation Flashcards by Dylan Sinclair

What is the main cause of ice formation on an aircraft’s surface?
A) Water droplets in the air freezing instantly
B) Visible moisture in the air and freezing temperatures
C) Airborne snow settling on the aircraft

B) Visible moisture in the air and freezing temperatures

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What type of ice is formed by larger supercooled water droplets that freeze gradually, creating a smooth, hard, and glossy covering?
A) Rime ice
B) Mixed ice
C) Clear ice

C) Clear ice

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Which type of ice is lighter and easier to remove, formed from small supercooled droplets freezing rapidly on contact with the aircraft surface?
A) Clear ice
B) Mixed ice
C) Rime ice

C) Rime ice

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What is the primary effect of ice build-up on aircraft aerofoils?
A) Increased lift and reduced drag
B) Reduced lift and increased drag
C) No effect on lift and drag

B) Reduced lift and increased drag

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Which type of ice is formed from a mixture of clear ice and rime ice, often seen when droplets vary in size or mix with snow or ice particles?
A) Clear ice
B) Mixed ice
C) Rime ice

B) Mixed ice

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What is the primary danger of ice accumulation on aircraft surfaces?
A) Increased fuel consumption
B) Reduced range and impaired engine performance
C) Increased fuel efficiency and better climb rate

B) Reduced range and impaired engine performance

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Which components of an aircraft are typically protected or de-iced to prevent ice accumulation?
A) Only the wings
B) Wings, stabilizers, engine cowlings, propellers, and more
C) Only the fuselage

B) Wings, stabilizers, engine cowlings, propellers, and more

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Which ice detection method involves the use of wing inspection lights to spot ice accretion on wing leading edges during low-light conditions?
A) Hot rod detector
B) Visual detection
C) Rotary ice detector

B) Visual detection

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What is the purpose of the hot rod ice detector mounted outside the cockpit window?
A) To visually detect ice buildup on the fuselage
B) To measure the temperature of the aircraft wings
C) To detect ice buildup on the aircraft’s leading edges

C) To detect ice buildup on the aircraft’s leading edges

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Which ice detection system operates by sensing a change in rotational torque when ice accumulates on a rotor, activating an ice warning?
A) Pressure operated ice detector
B) Vibrating probe ice detector
C) Rotary ice detector

C) Rotary ice detector

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What is the primary function of the pressure-operated ice detector?
A) Detects ice accumulation by sensing changes in pressure caused by blocked holes
B) Detects ice by measuring changes in vibration frequencies
C) Detects ice by observing changes in light intensity

A) Detects ice accumulation by sensing changes in pressure caused by blocked holes

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How does the vibrating probe ice detector work?
A) It uses a thermal switch to detect temperature changes
B) It senses changes in vibration frequency caused by ice buildup
C) It relies on visual cues to detect ice on the aircraft

B) It senses changes in vibration frequency caused by ice buildup

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What does the Sunstrand Beta Particle Ice Detection Probe detect?
A) The change in pressure caused by ice buildup
B) The reduction in detected beta particles as ice accumulates
C) The vibration frequency changes due to ice buildup

B) The reduction in detected beta particles as ice accumulates

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Which type of ice detector system requires the flight crew to activate ice protection manually?
A) Primary automatic
B) Primary manual
C) Advisory

B) Primary manual

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How does the aircraft’s Master Caution/Warning system alert the flight crew about icing conditions?
A) By activating a visual or audio alert when icing is detected
B) By automatically starting the de-icing process
C) By controlling the aircraft’s speed to prevent ice buildup

A) By activating a visual or audio alert when icing is detected

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In which icing condition indication system does a visual warning light illuminate when icing is detected?
A) EICAS
B) Ice detection warning light
C) Master caution/warning system

B) Ice detection warning light

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How does the Multi-Function Display (MFD) assist the flight crew in detecting icing conditions?
A) By providing visual alerts for temperature changes
B) By displaying graphical representations of icing zones
C) By reducing the aircraft’s speed to avoid ice formation

B) By displaying graphical representations of icing zones

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Which ice detection system uses a thermal switch to detect temperature differences in wet and dry sensing bulbs?
A) Vibrating probe ice detector
B) Sangamo Weston ice detector
C) Pressure operated ice detector

B) Sangamo Weston ice detector

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What is the effect of icing conditions on an aircraft’s performance?
A) Increased efficiency and smoother operation
B) Decreased fuel efficiency, impaired climb rate, and imbalance
C) No significant impact on performance

B) Decreased fuel efficiency, impaired climb rate, and imbalance

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What action is required when an icing condition is detected by the ice detection systems on the aircraft?
A) The crew must activate the de-icing systems manually
B) The aircraft automatically diverts to warmer regions
C) The flight crew may reduce altitude and wait for natural thawing

A) The crew must activate the de-icing systems manually

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What is the primary function of anti-icing equipment?
A) To remove ice after it forms
B) To prevent ice from forming
C) To break up existing ice

B) To prevent ice from forming

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Which of the following is a method used to surface anti-ice?
A) Freezing the surface to prevent ice formation
B) Heating the surface just enough to prevent freezing
C) Removing existing ice through chemicals

B) Heating the surface just enough to prevent freezing

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Which of the following is NOT a method of removing ice from an aircraft?
A) Heating the surfaces with hot air
B) Applying chemicals to prevent ice adhesion
C) Using antifreeze to remove ice after it forms

C) Using antifreeze to remove ice after it forms

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On large turbine-powered aircraft, which anti-icing method is most commonly used?
A) Electrical anti-icing
B) Thermal pneumatic anti-icing
C) Chemical anti-icing

B) Thermal pneumatic anti-icing

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What does thermal pneumatic anti-icing typically use to prevent ice formation? A) Bleed air from the engine compressors B) Electrical resistance wires C) Heat from the wing flaps

A) Bleed air from the engine compressors

What is the function of the WAI valve in a thermal pneumatic WAI system? A) To measure the temperature of the bleed air B) To control the flow of hot air to the wing leading edges C) To monitor the aircraft’s airspeed

B) To control the flow of hot air to the wing leading edges

How is the WAI valve operated in a thermal pneumatic system? A) Electrically controlled and pneumatically actuated B) Manually controlled by the pilot C) Hydraulically powered

A) Electrically controlled and pneumatically actuated

What does the WAI pressure sensor monitor? A) The temperature of the bleed air B) The engine’s performance C) The air pressure in the WAI duct

C) The air pressure in the WAI duct

Which system automatically activates before the WAI system to prevent ice on the engine inlet cowl? A) Engine anti-ice (EAI) system B) Wing anti-ice (WAI) system C) Windshield anti-ice system

A) Engine anti-ice (EAI) system

How is the windshield anti-ice system typically constructed? A) With electric heating elements embedded in the outer ply of the windshield B) By applying heat through a series of ducts around the windshield C) By using hydraulic pumps to regulate temperature

A) With electric heating elements embedded in the outer ply of the windshield

Which of the following is true about the operation of the windshield anti-ice system? A) It only operates at high speeds B) It always operates in the ‘NORMAL’ heat setting C) It operates manually during landing

B) It always operates in the ‘NORMAL’ heat setting

What is the purpose of TKS fluid in a chemical anti-icing system? A) To prevent ice from forming on the aircraft B) To remove ice from the aircraft once it has formed C) To create a bond between the ice and the airframe

A) To prevent ice from forming on the aircraft

What type of aircraft systems use chemical anti-icing most often? A) Small turbine-powered aircraft B) Large commercial airliners C) Propeller-driven aircraft

A) Small turbine-powered aircraft

What happens when the TKSTM solution comes in contact with supercooled water? A) It freezes quickly to protect the aircraft B) It depresses the freezing point and flows off without freezing C) It causes ice to bond with the airframe

B) It depresses the freezing point and flows off without freezing

One disadvantage of the TKSTM chemical anti-icing system is that: A) It requires constant manual operation B) It uses too much electrical power C) It can run out of TKS fluid

C) It can run out of TKS fluid

What is the process of removing accumulated ice, snow, or frost from aircraft surfaces called? A) Anti-icing B) De-icing C) Frost prevention

B) De-icing

Which type of aircraft typically incorporates de-icing systems rather than anti-ice systems? A) Small turbine-powered aircraft and reciprocating aircraft B) Large turbine-powered aircraft C) Helicopters

A) Small turbine-powered aircraft and reciprocating aircraft

What is the most commonly used component for de-icing wings and stabilisers on small turbine-powered and reciprocating engine aircraft? A) Chemical de-icer B) Pneumatic de-ice boots C) Electric de-ice boots

B) Pneumatic de-ice boots

How long are de-icing boots typically inflated for during operation? A) 1 to 2 seconds B) 6 to 8 seconds C) 10 to 12 seconds

B) 6 to 8 seconds

What material is commonly used to construct the outer ply of de-icing boots? A) Rubber B) Neoprene C) Polycarbonate

B) Neoprene

What is the role of the vacuum in the operation of de-icing boots? A) To inflate the boots B) To hold the boots tightly against the aircraft when deflated C) To control the temperature of the boots

B) To hold the boots tightly against the aircraft when deflated

What source of pneumatic air do reciprocating engine aircraft use for the de-icing boots system? A) Bleed air from the engine compressor B) A dedicated engine-driven air pump C) External power source

B) A dedicated engine-driven air pump

In turbine engine aircraft, what provides the air for the de-icing boots system? A) Pneumatic air pump B) Bleed air from the engine compressor C) External air system

B) Bleed air from the engine compressor

What is the purpose of the de-icing boots being inflated and deflated alternately on aircraft wings? A) To prevent the build-up of static electricity B) To break up ice accumulated on the wings C) To maintain control of the aircraft in flight

B) To break up ice accumulated on the wings

What component in the de-icing system for turboprop aircraft inflates the wing boots? A) A bleed air control assembly B) A vacuum pump C) An external power supply

A) A bleed air control assembly

What is the main maintenance task to extend the life of de-icing boots? A) Regularly replace the boots B) Keep them free of petrol, oil, grease, dirt, and other substances C) Keep them inflated when not in use

B) Keep them free of petrol, oil, grease, dirt, and other substances

Which of the following is true regarding operational checks for pneumatic de-icing systems? A) They should always be checked using engine power only B) They can be tested using an external air source without operating the engines C) They should only be tested in-flight

B) They can be tested using an external air source without operating the engines

What is a significant disadvantage of chemical de-icing systems on propellers? A) They are too complex and expensive B) They add weight to the aircraft and have limited fluid duration C) They require a lot of maintenance

B) They add weight to the aircraft and have limited fluid duration

What type of heating elements are used in electric de-icing boots? A) Metal heating wires B) Resistance heating elements C) Chemical heaters

B) Resistance heating elements

How does an electric propeller de-icing system typically operate? A) It applies continuous heat to the propeller blades B) It applies intermittent heat in short cycles to remove ice C) It uses chemical fluids to remove ice

B) It applies intermittent heat in short cycles to remove ice

What is used in a typical electric de-icing system to control the heating of the propeller blades? A) A pressure relief valve B) A cycling timer C) A vacuum pump

B) A cycling timer

Which chemical is commonly used in propeller de-icing systems? A) Isopropyl alcohol B) Sodium chloride C) Acetone

A) Isopropyl alcohol

What must be monitored during maintenance checks of de-icing boots? A) The wear of rubber material B) Cuts, tears, cracks, deterioration, and punctures C) The temperature of the boots

B) Cuts, tears, cracks, deterioration, and punctures

What is the typical purpose of a chemical de-icing system on an aircraft windshield? A) To prevent ice from forming B) To remove ice after it has already formed C) To keep the windshield clear of fog

B) To remove ice after it has already formed

What is a key characteristic of a chemical de-icing system for aircraft propellers? A) It uses glycol-based fluid metered from a tank B) It involves electric heating elements C) It is not commonly used on modern aircraft

A) It uses glycol-based fluid metered from a tank

What are the primary methods used by aircraft to control rain on the windshield? A) Chemical rain repellent, pneumatic rain removal, hydrophobic surface coating B) Chemical rain repellent, windshield wipers, hydrophobic surface coating C) Rain wipers, hydrophobic surface coating, bleed air

A) Chemical rain repellent, pneumatic rain removal, hydrophobic surface coating

What substance is commonly found in the ‘RainBoe’ rain repellent fluid used on aircraft? A) Isopropyl alcohol B) CFC 113 (chlorofluorocarbon) C) Glycol-based fluid

B) CFC 113 (chlorofluorocarbon)

What effect does a chemical rain repellent have when applied to glass? A) It makes the glass completely waterproof B) It causes water to bead up and roll off the glass C) It causes water to form a thin, uniform layer on the glass

B) It causes water to bead up and roll off the glass

When should a chemical rain repellent system be used on aircraft windows? A) During light drizzle B) Only in very wet conditions C) At all times to maintain clear visibility

B) Only in very wet conditions

What type of coating is used on some aircraft windshields to prevent rain buildup? A) Hydrophobic coating B) Waterproof coating C) Anti-glare coating

A) Hydrophobic coating

What does the hydrophobic coating on a windshield cause raindrops to do? A) Stick to the glass B) Bead up and roll off the glass C) Spread evenly across the windshield

B) Bead up and roll off the glass

How should windshields with a hydrophobic coating be cleaned? A) By using regular glass cleaner and a soft cloth B) By applying a solution of isopropanol alcohol and distilled water with a soft cloth C) By using any abrasive cleaner to remove dirt

B) By applying a solution of isopropanol alcohol and distilled water with a soft cloth

What should not be applied to windshields with a hydrophobic coating? A) A 50/50 solution of alcohol and water B) Polish or wax C) Water alone

B) Polish or wax

What are the main issues with windshield wipers during heavy rain? A) Inadequate cleaning fluid B) Reduced wiper blade pressure and slow oscillation speed C) Limited field of view

B) Reduced wiper blade pressure and slow oscillation speed

What is the primary purpose of the pneumatic rain removal system? A) To wipe the windshield clean B) To direct heated air over the windshield to remove rain and prevent freezing C) To spray chemical fluid onto the windshield

B) To direct heated air over the windshield to remove rain and prevent freezing

How is the heated air used in pneumatic rain removal systems supplied to the windshield? A) Through an electric blower or bleed air B) From a dedicated air conditioning system C) From a dedicated rain removal pump

A) Through an electric blower or bleed air

What is the effect of the heated air in the pneumatic rain removal system? A) It creates fog on the windshield B) It breaks raindrops into small particles and prevents moisture from freezing C) It creates a rain film that makes the windshield clearer

B) It breaks raindrops into small particles and prevents moisture from freezing

What is the primary use of electrical power in aircraft anti-ice systems? A) To heat large components to prevent ice formation B) To heat small components like air data probes and water lines C) To keep the aircraft engine warm during takeoff

B) To heat small components like air data probes and water lines

What components are commonly heated using thermal electric anti-ice systems? A) Aircraft fuselage and wings B) Air data probes, water lines, and turboprop inlet cowls C) Aircraft landing gear and cabin windows

B) Air data probes, water lines, and turboprop inlet cowls

How does a thermal electric anti-ice system generate heat? A) By passing fuel through heated pipes B) By using an integral conductive element that the current flows through C) By burning a chemical agent to produce heat

B) By using an integral conductive element that the current flows through

What methods can be used in thermal electric anti-ice systems to generate heat? A) Internal coil wire, externally wrapped blankets, or heated gaskets B) Fluid pumps and combustion engines C) Battery-powered heating units and solar panels

A) Internal coil wire, externally wrapped blankets, or heated gaskets

What is a potential risk when checking the pitot heater operation on the ground? A) The pitot tube becomes extremely hot B) The pitot tube can freeze and break C) The system will cause electrical fires

A) The pitot tube becomes extremely hot

How is the activation of thermal electric heaters controlled in advanced aircraft? A) Manually by the flight crew B) Automatically based on flight status conditions C) Using a timer that operates every 30 minutes

B) Automatically based on flight status conditions

What is the purpose of heating water and wastewater drain lines on aircraft? A) To ensure the water remains at a safe temperature for drinking B) To prevent ice from forming in the lines C) To sterilize the water used in the cabin

B) To prevent ice from forming in the lines

What is commonly used to heat water and waste lines on aircraft? A) Fuel-powered heaters B) Heater blankets, in-line heaters, or heater boots C) Solar-powered heaters

B) Heater blankets, in-line heaters, or heater boots

How does the electrical heater in the water lines work? A) It uses a heat exchange system to warm the water B) It turns on when the temperature falls below freezing and turns off when safe C) It runs continuously to maintain a constant temperature

B) It turns on when the temperature falls below freezing and turns off when safe

What device helps control the operation of electrical heaters in water and waste systems? A) A manual switch in the flight deck B) Thermostats in the water lines that provide temperature data C) A mechanical thermostat outside the aircraft

B) Thermostats in the water lines that provide temperature data

How many windshield wipers are generally found on an aircraft? A) One on the Captain’s side B) One on the Captain’s side and one on the First Officer’s side C) Two on the Captain’s side

B) One on the Captain’s side and one on the First Officer’s side

What type of motor typically drives the windshield wipers on most aircraft? A) Pneumatic motors B) Hydraulic motors C) Electrical motors

C) Electrical motors

How are the windshield wipers operated in terms of speed? A) Only at one speed B) At low or high speed, depending on precipitation, with an optional intermittent function C) At low speed only

B) At low or high speed, depending on precipitation, with an optional intermittent function

What is the purpose of operating the wipers independently? A) To allow the crew to clean the windshield at different speeds B) To maintain clear vision through one window if one system fails C) To prevent the wipers from overworking

B) To maintain clear vision through one window if one system fails

Which of the following is NOT part of the windshield wiper assembly? A) Wiper arm B) Wiper motor/converter C) Air conditioning system

C) Air conditioning system

What is the typical maintenance process for a windshield wiper system? A) Visual inspection only B) Operational checks, adjustments, and troubleshooting C) Cleaning the wipers with a special cleaning solution

B) Operational checks, adjustments, and troubleshooting

What must be done before performing maintenance on the windshield wiper system? A) Ensure the aircraft is grounded B) Open the window heat circuit breakers C) Turn off the aircraft's engines

B) Open the window heat circuit breakers

What is one of the adjustments that can be made to the windshield wiper system? A) Changing the wiper blade tension B) Replacing the wiper motor C) Repainting the wiper arm

A) Changing the wiper blade tension

What is the typical cycle rate of the windshield wiper on the "Low" setting? A) 100 cycles per minute B) 160 cycles per minute C) 250 cycles per minute

B) 160 cycles per minute

What should the windshield area be like during a windshield wiper system check? A) It must be clean and dry B) It must be free of foreign object matter and kept wet with water C) It must be clean and polished

B) It must be free of foreign object matter and kept wet with water

11.12 Ice and Rain Formation Flashcards

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