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anatomy GU > lecture 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the kidney lie according to the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

Upper pole of the kidney lies opposite

A

T12

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3
Q

Lower pole of the kidney lies opposite

A

L3

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4
Q

Hilum of the kidney lies opposite

A

L1 vertebra or transpyloric plane

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5
Q

The hilum transmits, from the front

backward ————— in addition to ———-

A

Renal vein, renal artery, ureter
Lymph vessels and
sympathetic fibers

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6
Q

During respiration, both kidneys move ———- in a ———— as much as ———-

A

downward in a vertical direction as much as 1 in (2.5 cm)

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7
Q

The right kidney is slightly———- than the left, because of ————

A

lower
the large size of the right
lobe of the liver

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8
Q

The long axis of each kidney is directed

A

downwards and laterally (the upper poles
are slightly nearer midline than the lower
poles)

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9
Q

Upper pole ————- cm from the MIDLINE

A

2.5

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10
Q

The hilum ———— cm from the MIDLINE

A

5

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11
Q

Lower pole ———– cm from the MIDLINE

A

7.5

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12
Q

The kidney is surrounded by a delicate fibrous capsule called the

A

renal capsule

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13
Q

renal capsule is surrounded by

A

Perirenal fat
Renal fascia
Pararenal fat

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14
Q

Pararenal fat forms part of the

A

retroperitoneal fat

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15
Q

Renal fascia is a —————- it continues with ————

A

Condensation of Connective tissue

continue laterally with transversalis fascia

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16
Q

Anterior relations of RIGHT kidney

A

(4 structures)
1- suprarenal gland - upper pole
2- liver - 3/4 surface below suprarenal gland
3- 2nd (descending) part of duodenum - medial border
4- right colic (hepatic) flexure

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17
Q

Anterior relations of LEFT kidney

A

(6 structures)
1- suprarenal gland - upper pole medially extending on medial border to the hilum
2- spleen - lateral half of the anterior surface
3- pancreas and splenic vessels - central quadrilateral area
4- stomach - triangular region, between suprarenal + splenic + pancreatic areas (1+2+3)

5- left colic flexure and the beginning of the descending colon - Below the pancreatic and splenic areas, a narrow lateral strip
6- jejunum - extensive medial area

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18
Q

Posterior relations of the kidneys

A

3 MUSCLES : (medial -> lateral)
psoas major
quadratus lumborum
transversus abdominis

3 NERVES : (superior->inferior)
subcostal (T12)
iliohypogastric (L1)
ilioinguinal (L1)

2 LIGAMENTS :
medial + lateral arcuate ligament

  • subcostal vessels
  • diaphragm

RIBS:
right - 12 rib
left - 11+12 ribs

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19
Q

the cortex looks

A

pale and granular

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20
Q

The medulla is composed of

A

12 - 20 conical masses termed the renal pyramids,

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21
Q

the renal papilla projects ——— into the interior of ———-

A

medially

minor calyx

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22
Q

Renal pyramids are separated by

A

renal (cortical) column

23
Q

The region of the cortex between the bases of the pyramids and fibrous capsule are called

A

the cortical arches or cortical lobules

24
Q

the renal sinus is ———-

A

devoid of renal tissue

25
Q

The renal sinus is occupied by the

A

renal pelvis (the dilated upper part of ureter)

26
Q

Renal pelvis is divided into ————–, each of which divides into ———— Each of them receives ————
(With the numbers)

A

2-3 major calyces
2-3 minor calyces
1-3 renal papillae

27
Q

the filtration barrier that separates urinary

space and blood in the capillaries

A

the thick basement membrane btw the podocytes and the endothelial cells

28
Q

the type of the endothelial cells of glomerular capillaries are

A

fenestrated capillaries

29
Q

The glomeruli are composed of arterial capillaries in which hydrostatic pressure about ———- which is (lower/higher) than that found in other capillaries

A

4.5 mm Hg

higher

30
Q

Particles greater than ——— in diameter do not readily pass through the basal lamina

A

10 nm

31
Q

characteristics of mesangial cells

A
  • contractile
  • have receptors for angiotensin 2
  • receptors for natriuretic factor produce by cardiac atria cells
32
Q

what is the effect of angiotensin 2 on glomerular flow

A

reduce it

33
Q

what is the effect of natriuretic peptide

A

vasodilator and relaxes The mesangial cells, probably increasing the blood flow and the effective surface area
available for filtration

34
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule are lined by

A

simple cuboidal or low columnar epithelium

35
Q

each transverse section of a proximal tubule contains

A

3-5 spherical nuclei only

36
Q

juxtaglomerular complex or apparatus of the kidney is made of

A

juxta glomerular cells and macula densa

37
Q

a sample was taken from a tissue showed, The luminal border of these cells has abundant microvilli, which form a brush border from which type of tubules are they

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

these tubules are found in the cortex

A

proximal and distal convoluted tubules

39
Q

the thin segments of henl’s loop are lined with

A

simple squamous epithelium whose nuclei bulge into the lumen

40
Q

collecting tubule originate in

A

cortical medullary rays

41
Q

The collecting tubules are lined with

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

42
Q

The collecting ducts are lined with

A

simple columnar epithelium

43
Q

collecting tubules and ducts are composed of cells that stain

A

weakly with usual dyes

44
Q

renal artery lies opposite

A

L2

45
Q

renal artery divides into ——— that are positioned ———

A

5 segmental artery

4 in front and one behind the renal pelvis

46
Q

renal artery divides into -> ——– -> ———- ->———
(Mention the numbers)

A

segmental arteries (5) -> lobar arteries one for each renal pyramid -> 2-3 interlobar arteries (run through the renal column btw the renal pyramids)

47
Q

interlobar artereis give -> ———-

A

arcuate arteries (btw cortex and medulla) -> interlobular arteries (ascend in the cortex )

48
Q

A renal lobule is

A

group of nephrons that open into branches of the same collecting duct

49
Q

The afferent glomerular arteries arise as branches of the

A

interlobular arteries

50
Q

The efferent arterioles divide to form the

A

peritubular capillaries

51
Q

supply the tubular portions of the nephron in the renal medulla

A

Extending from some efferent arterioles are long loop shaped capillaries called vasa recta

52
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of the kidney

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes

53
Q

Nerve Supply of Kidneys + afferent and the level they enter the spinal cord

A

through the renal sympathetic plexus -> The lowest splanchnic nerve (preganglionic sympathetic fiber) from T12 -> celiac ganglia ->Postganglionic sympathetic fibers enter the renal plexus

Visceral afferent fibers that travel through
the renal plexus enter the spinal cord in the
T 10 11 and 12 spinal nerves

54
Q

pain in the kidney is felt in

A

the flank and the anterior abdominal wall

anatomy GU (11 decks)

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