lec 3

Question 1

when does the pronephros appear

Answer 1

beginning of 4th week

Question 2

are the pronephros functionally

Answer 2

they are rudimentary and non functional

Question 3

when do the pronephros disappear

Answer 3

by the end of 4th week

Question 4

pronephros are made of ——– cells , in the ———- region , they open into the ———–

Answer 4

7-12 cells
cervical region
cloaca

Question 5

mesonephros appear in ———- week , derived from ————– from ——– regions

Answer 5

late in 4th week
intermediate mesoderm
upper thoracic to upper lumber (L3)

Question 6

are mesonephros functional ?

Answer 6

yes for short time during early fetal life until permanent kidneys develop

Question 7

the mesonephric ducts originally are

Answer 7

pronephric ducts

Question 8

when does mesonephroi degenerate

Answer 8

1st trimester

Question 9

in male , mesonephric TUBULES become –>

Answer 9

efferent ductules of testes

Question 10

metanephros begin to develop ? and function at ?

Answer 10

early in 5th week

9th week

Question 11

metanephric diverticulum is an outgrowth from ————– it primordium of —————–

Answer 11

mesonephric duct near cloaca

ureter + renal pelvis + minor and major calices + collecting tubules

Question 12

metanephric mass is derived from ———— it is a primodium of ————-

Answer 12

nephrogenic cord

nephrones

Question 13

the stalk of the diverticulum form ———-

the cranial part of the diverticulum becomes ———–

Answer 13

ureter

renal pelvis which splits to form major calyces

Question 14

major calyx subdivides repeatedly forming ——– generations first —— generation form –>
and the remaining form —>

Answer 14

12 or more
four , coalesce to form the minor calyces
collecting tubules

Question 15

the metanephric vesicle formation is induced by ?

Answer 15

The end of each newly formed tubule induces clusters of mesenchymal cells in metanephric mass to form a small metanephric vesicle

Question 16

the metanephric vesicle forms

Answer 16

proximal convoluted tubule, Henle’s loop, and distal convoluted tubule

Question 17

Kidneys attend their adult position by ————- week of embryonic life

Answer 17

9th week

Question 18

As kidneys ascend from pelvis into abdominal

cavity, they change their blood supply from ——– –> ———– …

Answer 18

common iliac –> distal end of aorta –> aorta

At 9th week they come into contact with suprarenal gland and receive permanent renal arteries from aorta

Question 19

Rosette or “cake” kidney result from early fusion of

Answer 19

two metanephric diverticulum

Question 20

Horseshoe kidney Results when

Answer 20

the ends of both kidneys fuse as they develop

Question 21

at which level does the horseshoe kidney lies? and why?

Answer 21

It lies usually at level of lower lumbar vertebrae because its ascending is prevented by root of the inferior mesenteric artery

Question 22

polycystic kidney is the result of ?

Answer 22

from failure of union between the developing convoluted tubules and collecting tubules

Question 23

Supernumerary kidney Probably results from

Answer 23

formation of a two metanephric diverticulum

Question 24

double pelvis is caused by

Answer 24

premature division of metanephric diverticulum

Question 25

Double pelvis is usually associated with

Answer 25

bifid ureter

Question 26

ectopic ureter opens in
male –>
female –>

Answer 26

In males usually opens into the neck of bladder or into the prostatic urethra; but it may enter the vas deferens, prostatic utricle or seminal vesicle

In female, an ectopic ureter may open into neck of the bladder, urethra, vagina or vestibule.

Question 27

which part of the urogenital sinus forms the
bladder –>
urethra (male/female) –>

Answer 27

cranial vesical part

Middle pelvic part: Forms entire female urethra, and in male, prostatic urethra only

Question 28

genital tubercle, which is primoridium of

Answer 28

penis (male), and clitoris (female)

Question 29

trigone region is derived from ? which contribute to the formation of which type of tissue in it?

Answer 29

caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts

These ducts contribute to formation of connective tissue in trigone of the bladder

Question 30

the epithelium of entire bladder is derived from

Answer 30

from endoderm of the vesical part of urogenital sinus

Question 31

The other layers of the wall of bladder (except trigone region) are derived from

Answer 31

the adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme.

Question 32

the allantois develops to –> ———— –> ————

Answer 32

urachus —> median umbilical ligament

Question 33

The epithelium of entire female urethra and most of male urethra —>
distal part of urethra in glans penis->
is derived from ?

Answer 33

endoderm of urogenital sinus

derived from a solid cord of ectodermal cells called ectodermal cord

Question 34

It is most common congenital anomaly affecting male urethra ? and the most common form ?

Answer 34

Hypospadias , glandular

Question 35

where does The external meatus lies in
hypospadias ->
epispadias ->

Answer 35

lies on ventral surface of penis, between glans penis and perineum

on dorsal surface of penis, between glans penis and anterior abdominal wall

Question 36

the causes of
Extrophy of Bladder (Ectopic vesicae) –>
Epispadias–>
Hypospadias–>

Answer 36

failure in migration of embryonic mesenchyme into region between umbilicus and genital tubercle

failure of embryonic mesenchyme to develop in lower part of anterior abdominal wall.

Failure of genital folds to unite
Glandular + coronal -> failure of solid cord of ectodermal cells to grow from tip of glans penis to meet spongy urethra

Question 37

what is visible on a standard anteroposterior radiograph of the kidney

Answer 37

Kidneys are usually visible (the perirenal fat surrounding the fibrous capsule of the kidney produces a transradiant line)

Renal calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter are not normally visible on a standard radiograph

Question 38

how could we see the ureters , bladder , calyces …… by X-ray ?

Answer 38

The lumen can be demonstrated by the use of radiopaque iodine–containing compound in intravenous pyelography or retrograde pyelography

Question 39

The ureters are seen superimposed on what when we use intravenous pyelography ?

Answer 39

on the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

Question 40

the ureters path seen with pyelography is

Answer 40

The ureters are seen superimposed on the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
They cross sacroiliac joint and enter pelvis.
At ischial spines, the two ureters turn forwards and slightly medially to enter bladder

Question 41

in retrograde pyelography Each minor calyx has ———— appearance caused ——————–.

Answer 41

a cup-shaped

by the renal papilla projecting into it