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biology > Endocrine System(Complete) > Flashcards

Endocrine System(Complete) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands.

They travel in the bloodstream to target an organ, where they cause a response.

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2
Q

What are the chemical nature of many hormones?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What hormones are made using cholesterol?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Testosterone

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4
Q

What features do endocrine glands have?

A

They are ductless glands

They secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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5
Q

GIve examples of endocrine glands.

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenals

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6
Q

What features do exocrine glands have?

A

They have ducts

They deliver their secretions through ducts that carry them to their destination

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7
Q

Give examples of exocrine glands.

A

Salivary glands
Sweat Glands
Tear Glands

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8
Q

Compare the endocrine and the nervous system.

A 
Endocrine system:
Chemical transmission
Slower action
Widespread- many target organs
Long-lasting effect
Nervous system:
Electrical transmission
Fast action
Localised-specific target organs
Short term effects
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9
Q

Explain why hormonal responses are slower than nervous responses.

A

Hormonal responses are chemical

Nervous responses are electrical

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10
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

The base of the brain

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11
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Human growth hormone

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12
Q

What is the function of the human growth hormone?

A

Causes elongation of the skeleton

It stimulates body cells to absorb amino acids and build protein

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13
Q

Where is the pineal gland located?

A

Within the brain

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14
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland produce?

A

Melatonin

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15
Q

What is the function of melatonin?

A

It causes mental relaxation and sleep

Enhances immunity

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16
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Under the thalamus

Within the brain

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17
Q

What hormone does the hypothalamus produce?

A

TRH-Thyroid Releasing Hormone

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18
Q

What is the function of TRH?

A

It stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete TSH-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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19
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck, on the trachea

20
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland produce?

A

Thyroxine

21
Q

What is the function of thyroxine?

A

Regulates the rate of metabolism, eg how fast mitochondria undergo aerobic respiration.

22
Q

Where are parathyroids located?

A

Within the thyroid gland in the neck

23
Q

What hormone do parathyroids produce?

A

Parathormone

24
Q

What is the function of parathormone?

A

Regulates calcium metabolism, causes removal of calcium from the bone and adds it to blood plasma.

25
Q

Where is the thymus gland located?

A

Behind the sternum

In the upper thoracic cavity

26
Q

What hormone does the thymus gland produce?

A

Thymosin

27
Q

What is the function of thymosin?

A

Causes B and T lymphocytes to mature and fight infection

28
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

On top of each kidney

29
Q

What hormone do the adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline

30
Q

What are the functions of adrenalin?

A

improved mental alertness

Increases heart and breathing rates

31
Q

Where are islets of Langerhans located?

A

Within the pancreas

32
Q

What hormone do the islets of Langerhans produce?

A

Insulin

33
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating muscle, fat and liver cells to absorb excess glucose from blood and store it as glycogen

34
Q

Explain why the pancreas may be described as a dual function gland.

A

The islets of Langerhan within the pancreas carry out the endocrine function by secreting the hormone insulin
Most of the remainder of the gland acts as an exocrine gland by secreting pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum

35
Q

Give 2 hormone supplements.

A

Insulin

Oral contraceptive pills

36
Q

What is the role of insulin?

A

It is injected in the treatment of diabetes as insulin deficient

37
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A disease that is caused by the failure to make insulin or the inability of cells to absorb insulin

38
Q

What are the typical symptoms of diabetes?

A 
High blood glucose levels
Glucose present in urine
Severe thirst
Weight loss
Fatigue
39
Q

How is diabetes treated?

A

Injections of insulin
Controlling carbohydrates in the diet
Regular exercise

40
Q

What hormones are found in oral contraceptive pills?

A

Oestrogen

Progesterone

41
Q

What is the function of the oral contraception pill?

A

High levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit LH and FSH

Ovulation can no longer occur

42
Q

What are the symptoms of a deficiency of thyroxine?

A 
In children- reduced mental and physical development resulting in cretinism
In adults- causes myxoedema:
Physical and mental fatigue
Weight gain
Hair loss
43
Q

What are the corrective measures taken for someone with a deficiency in thyroxine?

A

Adults- ingest thyroid-hormone tablets called Eltroxin

Newborn babies- given thyroxine to prevent cretinism if thyroxine levels are low

44
Q

What are the symptoms of an excess of thyroxine?

A 
Goitre- an enlarged thyroid gland
Grave's disease:
Raised heart and breathing rates
Weight loss
Bulging eyes
45
Q

What are the corrective measures taken for someone with an excess of thyroxine?

A

Surgical removal of a measured portion of thyroid gland

Ingesting radioactive iodine

46
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When the level of a hormone in the blood controls the production of another hormone or itself

47
Q

Describe the control mechanism for thyroxine production.

A

Thyroxine levels in the blood are low:
The pituitary gland secretes TSH
TSH travels in the bloodstream to the thyroid gland and stimulates the production of more thyroxine
This causes the levels of thyroxine to increase
An increased level of thyroxine inhibits the production of TSH which in turn reduces the levels of thyroxine

biology (36 decks)

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