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Biology > The Blood(Complete) > Flashcards

The Blood(Complete) Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Fluid connective tissue which consists of plasma, red and white blood cells and platelets.
It is pumped through the closed blood vessels of the circulatory system.

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2
Q

What two roles does the blood have?

A

Transport role.

Defence role.

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3
Q

Describe the blood’s transport role.

A

It transports nutrients in the plasma, e.g glucose and amino acids are transported from the small intestine to the liver in the hepatic portal vein.

It transports oxygen in red blood cells which are attached to haemoglobin.

It transports metabolic wastes like urea and carbon dioxide, e.g carbon dioxide is transported in bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

It transports hormones from endocrine glands to the target organ.

It transports antibodies to infected sites.

It transports heat generated by the liver to all over the body to maintain the core body temperature of 37C.

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4
Q

Describe the blood’s defence role.

A

This role is carried out by white blood cells.

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5
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A

55% plasma.- non-cellular compostition

45% blood cells.- cellular composition.

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6
Q

What is the pH of the blood?

A

7.4

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7
Q

What is the bloods volume?

A

Approximately 5 litres in adults.

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8
Q

Give the location in the body where 2 substances that are transported in the blood enter the blood.

A

Urea- the liver.
Hormones- endocrine glands.
Oxygen- lungs.

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

The liquid part of the blood, a yellow liquid matrix.

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10
Q

What is the pH of plasma?

A

7.4.

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11
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A

Water- 90%.
Plasma proteins-7%.
Dissolved substances for transport- 3%.

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12
Q

What is the role of water in the plasma?

A

Absorbs and distributes heat.

The biological solvent which dissolves solutes.

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13
Q

What is the role of plasma proteins?

A

Antibodies are specific defence proteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to specific antigens in which they bind.
Clotting proteins like fibrinogen prevents blood loss and the entry of pathogens by the clotting of blood.
Albumen and other proteins maintain the concentration of the blood cells and plasma to be the same.

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14
Q

Describe the dissolved substances for transport.

A

Nutrients- glucose and amino acids.
Respiratory gases- CO2 and O2.
Metabolic wastes- urea.

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15
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without the clotting proteins.

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16
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

In the red marrow of long bones like the femur.

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17
Q

What is the life span of red blood cells and why?

A

4 months/ 120 days.

As they lack a nucleus and therefore cannot repair themselves.

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18
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A purple pigment which has a high affinity for oxygen as it has iron which forms bonds easily with oxygen.

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19
Q

What is the role of the flexible membrane?

A

It allows the red blood cells to change shape to fit through the narrow capillaries.

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20
Q

What feature of the red blood cells allows them to pass through the narrow capillaries?

A

The flexible membrane.

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21
Q

Where are red blood cells broken down?

How are red blood cells broken down and recycled?

A

The liver and spleen.
Iron from haemoglobin is stored in the liver or is used to make haemoglobin in the bone marrow.
Other red blood cells form bile pigments which are egested in the faeces.

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22
Q

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen as oxy-haemoglobin from the lungs to tissue cells for aerobic respiration.

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23
Q

What is the secondary role of red blood cells?

A

Transports some carbon dioxide to the lungs where it is excreted.
Can be used to determine blood type as antigens and chemicals are on the surface.

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24
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells and what are the complimentary advantages?

A

Small- Provide a shorter diffusion distance for gas exchange.
Biconcave shape- provides a larger surface area for gas exchange.
No nucleus- the whole red blood cell is filled with haemoglobin which allows more oxygen to be carried.
No mitochondria- no aerobic respiration occurs which would use up some oxygen.

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25
Q

What is another name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes.

26
Q

What is another name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes.

27
Q

What is another name for platelets?

A

Thrombocytes.

28
Q

Where are white blood cells made?

A

In the red marrow of long bones like the femur.

29
Q

What are the structural features of white blood cells?

A

Have no definite shape.
Have a nucleus.
Are larger than red blood cells.

30
Q

Comment on the number of red blood cells and white blood cells in the blood.

A

There are fewer white blood cells than red blood cells.

700 red:1 white.

31
Q

Comment on survival times of white blood cells.

A

They survive up to a few days, and memory B and T cells survive for life.

32
Q

What are the general roles of white blood cells?

A

Defend the body against infection.

Fight off infection present in the body.

33
Q

Classify white blood cells.

A

Phagocytes.
Lymphocytes.
Monocytes.

34
Q

Give 2 ways other than colour in which red blood cells differ in structure or composition from a typical body or cheek cell.

A

Lack a nucleus.

Have haemoglobin.

35
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Cancer of the white blood cells begins in the bone marrow and results in abnormal and immature white blood cells.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of leukaemia?

A

Fatigue, easy bruising, bone pain.

37
Q

What is a type of treatment for leukaemia?

A

Chemotherapy or radiation.

38
Q

What are platelets?

A

Cell fragments of larger cells which are produced in the red marrow of long bones like the femur.

39
Q

Describe the structure of platelets.

A

Lack a nucleus.

Are smaller than red blood cells.

40
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Clotting blood.

41
Q

What is the role of blood clots?

A

Prevents loss of blood.

Prevents the entry of micro-organisms which may be pathogenic.

42
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

A disease whereby an individual cannot clot blood properly.

It is an inherited sex-linked disease.

43
Q

What causes haemophilia?

A

Lack of factor VIII.

44
Q

How is haemophilia treated?

A

Transfusions of factor VIII.

45
Q

How are blood groups determined?

A

By the presence or absence of antigens or chemicals in the surface of red blood cells.

46
Q

What are the two types of chemicals/antigens present on the surface of red blood cells?

A

A an B antigens

Rhesus factor D.

47
Q

How many blood groups are possible?

A

8.

48
Q

Who discovered ABO blood groups and in what year?

A

Landesteir in 1901.

49
Q

What antigens are present in blood group A?

What antibodies are present in blood group A?

A

Antigen- A.

Antibody- B.

50
Q

What blood groups can blood group A receive blood from?

A

A- as they have similar antigen A.

O- As O has no antigens on the red blood cell which wouldn’t provoke an immune response.

51
Q

What antigens are present in blood group B?

What antibodies are present in blood group B?

A

Antigen- B.

Antibody- A.

52
Q

What blood groups can blood group B receive blood from?

A

B- as they have similar antigen B.

O- As O has no antigens on the red blood cell which wouldn’t provoke an immune response.

53
Q

What antigens are present in blood group AB?

What antibodies are present in blood group AB?

A

Antigen- A and B.

Antibody- None.

54
Q

What blood groups can blood group AB receive blood from?

A

All blood groups as they have no antibodies to fight against antigens.

55
Q

What antigens are present in blood group O?

What antibodies are present in blood group O?

A

Anigen- None.

Antibody- A and B.

56
Q

What blood groups can blood group O receive blood from?

A

Only O as antibodies will attack any antigens entering the body.

57
Q

Describe blood transfusions.

A

Donor antigens must be compatible with recipient antibodies.
Incompatible transfusions cause the recipient to make antibodies which destroy the red blood cells with these foreign antigens.
This leads to the agglutination of blood cells which can cause blood clots.
It can lead to kidney failure.

58
Q

Why is group O the universal donor?

A

As it can donate blood to all other blood groups.

It has no antigens.

59
Q

Why is group AB the universal recipient?

A

It can receive blood from all other blood groups.

It has no antibodies.

60
Q

How can complications arise during pregnancy when the mother is Rh-negative and the baby is Rh-positive?

A

The first Rh+ baby is safe as the mother’s immune system doesn’t become active until near birth.
Babies following the first pregnancy that are Rh+ are at risk as the mother’s antibodies will cross the placenta and attack the baby’s red blood cells.
The baby can become severely anaemic, brain-damaged or even die.
That is why, just before birth or after the birth of the first baby, the mother is given an anti-D injection so that anti-D antibodies do not form.

Biology (36 decks)

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