Musculo-Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Support:
Provides a rigid framework to hold the body upright.

Protection:
Cranium- Protects the brain.
Vertebrae- Protect the spinal cord.
Rib cage- Protects the heart and lungs.

Assists in movement:
Skeletal muscles provide the pulling forces to move bone, which acts as rigid layers,

Production of red blood cells:
Occurs in the red bone marrow of long bones like the femur.

Storage:
The yellow marrow stores fat.
Minerals such as calcium are stored in the bone.

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2
Q

How many bones do adults have?

A

206 bones.

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3
Q

Why do children have more bones than adults?

A

Some bones fuse in adulthood.

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4
Q

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

A

Axial Skeleton:
Consists of the skull, vertebral column and rib cage.

Appendicular Skeleton:
Consists of pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs-fore-limbs and hind-limbs.

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5
Q

Describe the skull.

A

Has 22 fused bones- not the mandible or lower jaw.

Consists of the cranium and facial bones.

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6
Q

Describe the vertebral column.

A

Consists of 33 bones called vertebrae arranged into 5 different regions:
Cervical-7 vertebrae.
Thoracic-12 vertebrae.
Lumbar-5 vertebrae.
Sacrum- 5 vertebrae.
Coccyx-4 vertebrae.
The spinal cord runs through the hollow central canal of each vertebra.

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7
Q

Where are discs found?

A

Between the vertebra.

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8
Q

What is the role of discs?

A

They are shock- absorbers and allow friction-free movement.

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9
Q

What is a slipped disc?

A

When the disc has ruptured and the soft centre is squeezed out, it compresses the spinal nerves causing pain and numbness.

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10
Q

Describe the rib cage.

A

Consists of the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs.

All ribs are attached to the vertebrae of the spine.

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11
Q

How are ribs classified?

A

True ribs-First 7 pairs, attach directly to the sternum.
False ribs- Pairs 8-10, attach to the 7th rib pair at the front of the chest, but not to the sternum.
Floating ribs-Pairs 11-12, only attach to the vertebral column.

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12
Q

Describe the pectoral girdle.

A

Consists of the clavicle and the scapula- collarbone and shoulder blade- and attached fore-limbs.
The clavicle prevents the shoulder from collapsing towards the chest.
The scapula contains the socket for the ball of the humerus to fit into forming the ball and socket joint.

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13
Q

What bones are found in the fore-limb?

A
Humerus.
Radius.
Ulna.
Carpals- wrist bones.
Metacarpals- hand bones.
5 digits containing phalanges.
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14
Q

Describe the pelvic girdle.

A

Consists of the hip bones fused to the sacrum and surrounding a cavity, attached to the hind- limbs.
The hip bones are called innominate bones as each is formed by the fusion of 3 bones.
Each hip bone provides a socket for the ball and socket joint with the femur.

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15
Q

What bones are found in the hind- limb.

A
Femur.
Patella.
Tibia.
Fibula.
Tarsals- ankle bones.
Metatarsals- foot bones.
5 digits containing phalanges.
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16
Q

What suggests common ancestry in terms of evolution?

A

As each limb ends in 5 digits, they are called pentadactyl limbs.

17
Q

Where is spongy bone located?

A

Mainly in the epiphysis of long bones.

18
Q

What is the structure of spongy bone?

A

Contains bony bares and plates separated by spaces filled with red marrow.

19
Q

What is the function of spongy bone?

A

Provides strength but lowers the density.

20
Q

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

A

It makes inactive yellow marrow.

It reduces the weight of long bone, making movement possible.

21
Q

What is the structure of the compact bone?

A

It is thickest along the diaphysis, thinner at the epiphysis.
Dense bone which is living as it has a nerve and rich blood supply.

22
Q

What is the function of the compact bone?

A

Gives strength and rigidity to long bone.

23
Q

What is the structure of cartilage?

A

Covers the ends of the long bones.

Contains the fibrous protein collagen.

24
Q

What is the function of cartilage?

A

Reduces friction.

Acts as a shock absorber.

25
Q

Where is red marrow located?

A

In the spaces between spongy bone.

26
Q

What is the function of the red marrow?

A

To produce red blood cells.

27
Q

Where is yellow marrow located?

A

Inside the medullary cavity.

28
Q

What is the function of the yellow marrow?

A

Stores fat.

Converts to red marrow when red blood cells are needed.

29
Q

What is the structure of the periosteum?

A

It is a tough membrane which encloses long bone.

Contains blood vessels and nerves.

30
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A

Forms an attachment with tendons.

31
Q

What is marrow?

A

A fatty substance that can be either red or yellow.