Nervous system

Question 1

3 types cells in nervous system

Answer 1

neurons, neuroglia

Question 2

3 types of neurons according fct

Answer 2

sensory (carry impulse to cns), motor, (carry impulse from neurons to effectors), interneurons (in learning and memory)

Question 3

3 types of neurons according shape

Answer 3

multipolar, bipolar, (pseudo)unipolar

Question 4

2 hard parts of neuron

Answer 4

myelin sheath and schwann cell

Question 5

4 zones in a neuron

Answer 5

input zone, summation zone (triggers), conduction zone, output zone

Question 6

nerve impulses travels along what

Answer 6

plasma membrane

Question 7

Types of neuroglia cell and what they produce

Answer 7

schwann cell in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS

they produce myelin sheaths

Question 8

3 reasons inside neuron negatively charged

Answer 8

1-sp pump (brongs 2 K+ in and 3 Na+ out
2-ion leakage channels (+ ions diffuse out)
3-negatively charged molecules like proteins stuck inside

Question 9

CNS of sponges

Answer 9

phylum w/o nerves

Question 10

3 basic divisions of vertebrate brains

Answer 10

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 11

what protects brain

Answer 11

skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

Question 12

1.4 kilo brain made of how many amitotic neurons

Answer 12

100 billion

Question 13

What meninges made of

Answer 13

in order: dura master, arachnoid, pia mater

Question 14

what is cerebral cortex

Answer 14

outer layer of cerebrum

Question 15

left side brain vs right side brain

Answer 15

left: language logic math science
right: artistic skills

Question 16

fct medulla oblongata

Answer 16

attaches spinal cord to maintain homeostasis

Question 17

fct pons

Answer 17

control breading

Question 18

fct midbrain

Answer 18

consciousness

Question 19

fct cerebellum

Answer 19

balance, posture, smooth mvt

Question 20

fct limbic system

Answer 20

emotional response + memory processing

Question 21

fct thalamus

Answer 21

relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex + memory processing (part of limbic system)

Question 22

fct hypothalamus

Answer 22

chief integration center, regulates everything

Question 23

fct pineal gland

Answer 23

biological clock, vraries melatonin secretion

Question 24

2 types photoreceptors in retina

Answer 24

Rods (black/white) and cones (colour)

Question 25

action potential vs graded potential

Answer 25

action potential: all-or-none event, occurs when treshold voltage reached (-70 to -65)

Question 26

steps of action potential

Answer 26

1-resting state (Na+ and K+ channels closed, pump open)
2-Depolarization (only Na+ channels open so goes in)
3-Repolarization (Na+ close but K+ channels open so goes in=reverses polarity)
4-Hyperpolarization (Na+ resets, some K+ channels stay open and pump continues work)
re-establishment resting potential
…..depolarization of next region of axon…..depolarization of next region of axon

Question 27

how increase velocity of conduction

Answer 27

1-greater axon diameter

2-action potential only at nodes of ranvier through saltatory conduction

Question 28

synapses

Answer 28

intercellular junctions

*there are presynaptic cells and postsynaptic cells

Question 29

steps of synaptic transmission

Answer 29

nerve impulse/action potential travels which opens Ca+ channels tiggering neurotransmitter release accross synpase to receptors on post synptic cells

Question 30

how to stop synaptic transmission (3)

Answer 30

removing neurotransmitters from synpatic cleft
1-reuptake
2-enzyme degradation
3-diffuse

Question 31

2 types of neurtransmitters and exmaples

Answer 31

excitatory (ACh and aa) and inhibitory

Others: epinephrine responsible for fight or flight, dopamine, seratonin

Question 32

how become addicted cocaine

Answer 32

cocain bond dopamine to transporters so no uptake
dopamine fores more and more pleasure
prolonged exposure=reduce receptor numbers=addicted

Question 33

number of reflex arc in spinal cord

Answer 33

3 (if needs to be quick) or 2

Question 34

pns consists of

Answer 34

nerves and ganglia

Question 35

sympathetic vs parasympathetic division symptoms

Answer 35

sympathetic like anxiety attach and para opposite

Question 36

ear parts

Answer 36

outer ear:
middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes (in order)
inner ear: cochlea, semicircular canal (balance)

Question 37

taste parts and involves neurons where

Answer 37

taste buds, papiliae

involves neurons in upper part of nasal passage where neurons transmitted to olfactory nerve