The digestive system 1

Question 1

Heterotrophs and 3 groups

Answer 1

feed from other organsims

1-herbivores: plant ie cattle
2-carnivores: other animals ie shark
3-Omnivores: plant and animals ie humans

Question 2

Constitution adéquaté diet

Answer 2

1-chemical energy
2-building blocks (for macromolecules)
3-essential nutrients (to synthesize)

Question 3

Essential nutrients

Answer 3

aa
fa
vitamins
minerals

Question 4

What are essential amino acids

Answer 4

aa that come from food, other half is synthesized by body

Question 5

what are essential fatty acids and where do they come from

Answer 5

fatty acids that cant be synthesized by animals like unsaturated fatty acids that have double bonds

come from grains, seeds, vegetables

Question 6

What are vitamins and major required by humans

Answer 6

organic molecules required in small amounts like B2, B12, C, D

Question 7

What are minerals

Answer 7

inorganic molecules required in small amounts like sodium, potassium, chloride

Question 8

Vitamin D difficiency

Answer 8

crooked leggs

Question 9

Vitamin B2 dificiency

Answer 9

red eyes

Question 10

Vitamin c difficiency

Answer 10

scurvy (recall teeth, bruising picture…)

Question 11

Vitamin B12 difficiency

Answer 11

Anemia (fainting, chest pains, heart attack)

Question 12

4 main stages of food processing

Answer 12

1- mechnaical digestion (break food down into small molecules for absorbtion)
2- chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis)
3-absorbtion (uptake nutrients)
4- elimination (undigested material out of digestive)

Question 13

How does primitive animals digest their food

Answer 13

intrecaellularly

Question 14

Cnidarian digestion and example

Answer 14

Extracellularly: gastrovascular cavity that has one opening for mouth and anus and no specialization

ie hydra

Question 15

Platyhelminthes digestion

Answer 15

extracellularly: gastrovascular cavity that has one opening for mouth and anus

ie planarian

Question 16

digestive tube of more complex organisms

Answer 16

complete digestive tract or alimentary canal that has 2 openings for anus and mouth

specialization: different parts for digestion and absorbtion

Question 17

what phylum has a complete digestive tract (one way transport of food)

Answer 17

phylum Arthropoda

Question 18

complete digestive tract or alimentary canal divided into

Answer 18

foregut
midgut
hindgut

Question 19

Digestive tract of Annelida

Answer 19

Tract specialized for: ingestion, digestion, absorbtion, storage, fragmentation

Question 20

digestive tract of chordata (birds) and whats special about it

Answer 20

complete alimentary canal

some gizzard for fragmentationa nd others specialized regions

Question 21

what do birds lack in digestive tract

Answer 21

teeth: so mouth, oesophagus, cropm stomac, gizzard, intestine, anus

Question 22

vertebrates digetsive tract (anatomy) and what does digetsion involve

Answer 22

tract specialized: mouth/pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intetsine (villi and microvilli cover wall (brush border)), large intetsine, rectum

digetsion involves physical fragmentation and chemical fragmentation

Question 23

accessory gland secreting digestive juice

Answer 23

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Question 24

chemical and mechanical digetsion in oral cavity

Answer 24

chewing and salivary amylase (glucose breakdown)

Question 25

types of teeth

Answer 25

incisors, premolars, canines, molars

Question 26

how many pairs of salivary glnd

Answer 26

3

Question 27

role of saliva

Answer 27

lubricate food

Question 28

tongue does what

Answer 28

mixes saliva with food

Question 29

mechanical digestion in esophagus

Answer 29

peristalsis (food from pharynx to stomach)

Question 30

swallowing process

Answer 30

food pushed back mouth, larynx rise, epiglottis seals larynx, bolus forced down esophagus instead trachea and evetually larynx relaxes

Question 31

what prevents food from going back in esophagus after entering stomach

Answer 31

sphincter

Question 32

role of stomach

Answer 32

stores food and secrets gastric juice that will convert meal to acid chyme

Question 33

mechanical and chemical digestion in stomach

Answer 33

mechanical: churning
chemical: chief cells secrete HCl and Pepsinogen=pepsin enzyme in stomach (constitutes gastric juice) and parietal cells secrete H and CL ions