test 1 lecture 1

Question 1

what are some things you need to know about an animal to determine nutritional need?

Answer 1

Age, Sex, Neutered, Body weight, Environment, Activity, 
Physiologic state (maintenance, growth, lactation, pregnancy)

Question 2

what information can you get from a feed library?

Answer 2

• Nutrient analysis compiled from multiple samples
• Forages, grains and byproducts, proteins, minerals and vitamins
• Nutrient values are reported on a dry matter basis

Question 3

___ is a material capable of being digested, absorbed, utilized

Answer 3

feed

Question 4

___ – metabolically useful components of food

Answer 4

nutrients

Question 5

what is an example of a nutraceutical?

Answer 5

essential oil

•Factors in feeds that influence health and disease independently of nutrient content

Question 6

___ is a substance purposely put into feeds to give a desirable characteristic

Answer 6

additive

does not add nutrition

• Color, flavor, texture, stability
• Resistance to oxidation and spoilage

Question 7

___ are nutritional factors to influence gut bacterial populations

Answer 7

prebiotics and probiotics

Question 8

what are three energy sources for an animal

Answer 8

carbs

fats

proteins

Question 9

digestion of fat in monogastric animal results in

Answer 9

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 10

digestion of carbs in monogastrics turns into

Answer 10

glucose and fructose

Question 11

digestion of protein in monogastrics results in

Answer 11

amino acids

Question 12

digestion of fat in ruminants results in

Answer 12

fatty acids → unsaturated fatty acids

glycerol → propionate

Question 13

digestion of carbs in ruminants results in

Answer 13

small amount of glucose (not really important)

acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate → Beta-OH Butyrate

Question 14

digestion of proteins in ruminants results in

Answer 14

BC-VFA and ammonia

Question 15

nutrient allowances

Answer 15

recommended dietary allowances

have safety margin to account for variation in food and individual

feeding guideline

Question 16

•Allowances ensure ___ at requirements or more are met in the population.

Answer 16

least minimum

Question 17

safety margins in nutrient allowances allow for __

Answer 17

• compensate for variance in food nutrient availability
• allows for individual differences in requirements
• established so 98% of population is adequately fed

Question 18

___ is the •Concentration in diet - % of diet

Answer 18

nutrient expression

Question 19

required by FDA there is a min % ___ and ___

and a max % of ___ and ___

Answer 19

crude protein and crude fat

crude fiber and moisture

Question 20

macro nutrients

Answer 20

essential nutrient

daily allowance in mg,g,kg

expressed as % of the diet

Question 21

micro nutrients

Answer 21

essential nutrient

daily allowance in mg or less a day

expressed as ppm of diet (mg/kg)

ppm/1000 =% of diet

Question 22

___ has a daily allowance of 1 mg or less a day

Answer 22

micro nutrients

Question 23

animal requirements/ allowances is based on the physiological state ___

Answer 23

maintenance, production, work/activity

Question 24

TDN system

Answer 24

total daily nutrient system

Question 25

DE system

Answer 25

digestible energy system

Question 26

ME system

Answer 26

metabolizable energy system

Question 27

NE system

Answer 27

net energy system

Question 28

inefficiencies throughout the feeding system

Answer 28

refusal/selection

indigestible (feces)

urinary losses, gaseous losses, heat

Question 29

what are some things that effect prehension?

Answer 29

eating/intake of feed

• Palatability of feedstuffs – quality
• Buccal cavity – teeth, tongue, mouth
• Social factors – animal grouping
• Availability of feed – frequency of feeding
• Feeding surface
• Water availability

Question 30

___ is •Preparation of feed for absorption by the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 30

digestion

Question 31

3 processes involved with digestion

Answer 31

mechanical

enzymatic

microbial

(based on type of feed offered and type of digestion animal does)

Question 32

what kind of animals can have a lot of fiber in their diet

Answer 32

herbivores

Question 33

digestive tract and diet of an herbivore

Answer 33

• fibrous diets, low digestibility
• Modifications of gastrointestinal tract to support microbial fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose
• Utilize volatile fatty acids from carbohydrate fermentation as energy source
• Foregut fermenters versus Hindgut fermenters
• Influences amount of glucose absorbed
• Influences the extent of fiber digestion
• Influences availability of microbial protein as nutrient source