Test 2: lecture 1 neonates

Question 1

reasons for feeding intervention for babies

Answer 1

Illness or injury to the mother

Rejection of the neonate by the mother

Inadequate milk supply

Poor mammary gland or teat conformation

Neonate too weak to nurse

Excessively large litter size

Intentional removal from the mother

Question 2

steps in feeding the neonate

Answer 2

Colostrum

Milk or Milk Replacement

Introduction of Solid Food

Question 3

colostrum

Answer 3

The first milk produced for the neonate

Contains large quantities of immunoglobulins

Excellent source of energy, protein, vitamins A and D

Question 4

colostrum vs whole milk

which has more protein, fat, lactose or immunoglobulins

Answer 4

colostrum has more protein, antibodies, and fat

whole milk has more lactose

Question 5

colostrum intake is important because there is no ___ in farm animals

Answer 5

placental antibody transfer

(they are born without antibodies)

Question 6

in kittens and puppies 10% of ___ cross the placenta

Answer 6

Ig

Question 7

Absorption of ___in colostrum provides passive immunity

Answer 7

Ig

Question 8

Early ingestion of colostrum provides fluid for post natal circulatory volume as well as energy to maintain ___

Answer 8

body temperature

Question 9

what antibodies are in colostrum

Answer 9

IgG (80-85%), IgA , IgM

Question 10

what is in colostrum

Answer 10

Large amounts of Immunoglobulins

IgG (80-85%), IgA , IgM

• *Leukocytes**
• neutrophils, macrophages, B and T lymphocytes
• direct cellular immunity; absorbed and locally
• *Cytokines**
• Interferon, interleukin-6

Growth factors and hormones

• IGF-1 and IGF-2
• insulin, cortisol, thyroxine

Question 11

2 effects of Ig on immunity

Answer 11

systemic

local GI effect

Question 12

systemic effect of Ig on immunity: Protect against___and ___ diseases and reduced morbidity and mortality

Answer 12

infectious enteric

respiratory

Question 13

local GI effect of Ig

Answer 13

Immunoglobulins bind to pathogens prior to absorption

Immunoglobulins present in intestinal secretions following absorption

Question 14

two types of protein in colostrum

Answer 14

casein and whey

(amount depends on nutrition of the dam (mother))

Question 15

what kind of protein is readily available source of AA and what protein forms a clot in the abomasum

Answer 15

whey proteins provide readily available source of AA

beta-lactoglobulin, alpha lactalbumin, albumin

Casein clots in abomasum to slow release

Question 16

what are some things that effect the quality of the colostrum produced?

Answer 16

First milk volume
<18 lb excellent quality

Breed
Beef Breeds > Dairy
Jersey > Holstein

Age of cow
Older cows higher Ig and diverse compared to first calf heifers

Heifer colostrum may still be good quality

Time of harvest after birth

Question 17

how does weather stress effect colostrum

Answer 17

Heat stress reduces Ig concentration in colostrum

Cold stress reduces absorption in neonate

Question 18

the thicker or thiner the colostrum the better the quality?

Answer 18

thicker= higher antibodies and solids

Question 19

when should you feed colostrum to neonate

Answer 19

asap

calves can only absorb Ig for the first 24 hours, mothers start to decrease the amount of antibodies produced

on average 20 % of AB eaten will be absorbed

Question 20

what is the minimum of IgG you want the calf to get?

Answer 20

200 grams

feed 4 quarts within 4 hours → 90% of calved would get the right amount of Ig transfer

Question 21

guideline to feed colostrum is feed ___ within ___ then feed 2 quarts again in 12 hours

Answer 21

4 quarts

4 hours

(10% of body weight)

Question 22

how to store colostrum

Answer 22

Feed with in 1 hour or cool to less than 400F

Refrigeration good for 24-48 hours

Can freeze for 1 year at -50F (not frost free)

Best to freeze in 2 quart lots (zip lock bags)

Thaw in warm water < 1200F

Question 23

___ can be used to estimate the amount of IgG

Answer 23

serum refractometer

should be > 5.5 mg/dL of protein

Question 24

3 Qs of colostrum

Answer 24

quality

quantity

quickly

Question 25

Fat in milk replacers is between 10-25%

10% fat to provide ___

20% fat in ___climates

30% fat associated with ___ digestibility and ____grain consumption

Answer 25

EFA (essential fatty acids)

colder

decreased and reduced

Question 26

Calves can digest ___ carbs but can not digest ___

Answer 26

Calves can digest lactose and glucose

Sucrose and starch are not acceptable in MR

Question 27

a baby cow will drink ____ when you start to wean you feed ___

Answer 27

2 quarts twice daily → 1.4-1.6 lbs per day

1 gallon twice a day + grain → 1.6-1.9 lbs/day (want to double birth weight in 7-8 weeks) (replacer will increase the amount of protein and decrease the amount of fat → more muscle, taller, leaner calves

Question 28

why feed less fat during weaning?

Answer 28

feed more protein, less fat

want more muscle, taller leaner calves

need to double weight in 7-8 weeks

Question 29

calf starter will have a ___ texture and be ___

Answer 29

coarse

palatable (tasty)

Question 30

calf starter has how much protein ___ and when do you start to feed?

Answer 30

18-22%

1 week → slowly increase the amount until weaning

Question 31

baby cows should eat ___ amount of grain per day before weaning. And they can leave the calf area when they eat ___ lbs per day

Answer 31

2 lbs

5 lbs