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Y3 Haematology > Malignant Haematology > Flashcards

Malignant Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

what cell type expresses the cell surface antigen glycophorin A?

A

red cells

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2
Q

what type of cell expresses the enzyme myeloperoxidase?

A

neutrophils

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3
Q

what is the underlying process behind acute myeloid leukaemia?

A

proliferation of abnormal progenitors with a block in differentiation/maturation

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4
Q

describe the appearance of the blood film in acute leukaemia

A

all the cells just look the same

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5
Q

what is the underlying process behind chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

proliferation of abnormal progenitors but no block in differentiation or maturation

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6
Q

describe the appearance of the blood film in chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

presence of lots of cells of different types

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7
Q

what is a clone cell?

A

a population of cells derived from a single parent cell

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8
Q

what are the two types of malignancy if classified by lineage?

A

myeloid

lymphoid

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9
Q

what cancer has a malignant change within primitive B cell precursors in the marrow?

A

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

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10
Q

what cancer has a malignant change in a more mature B lymphocyte?

A

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

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11
Q

what is myeloma?

A

a plasma cell malignancy

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12
Q

what type of cancer has blood involvement?

A

leukaemia

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13
Q

what is the cell of origin in chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

LT and ST HSC’s

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14
Q

what is the cell of origin in AML?

A

MPP

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15
Q

what is the cell of origin in ALL?

A

CLP

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16
Q

what is the cell of origin in CLL?

A

B cells

17
Q

what is the cell of origin in myeloma?

A

plasma cells

18
Q

what is acute leukaemia?

A

a rapidly progressive clonal malignancy of the marrow/blood with maturation defects

19
Q

how is acute leukaemia defined?

A

excess of blasts (>20%) in either blood or bone marrow

20
Q

what are the two types of acute leukaemia?

A

acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)

21
Q

what age groups is most commonly affected by AML?

A

elderly - >60

22
Q

how can acute promyelocytic leukaemia present?

A

with a coagulation defect causing DIC

23
Q

what is acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?

A

a malignant disease of lymphoblasts

24
Q

what are lymphoblasts?

A

primitive lymphoid cells

25
Q

what is the most common childhood cancer?

A

ALL

26
Q

how does ALL present?

A

anaemia, infections and bleeding due to marrow failure

bone pain

27
Q

what three investigations are done for acute leukaemia?

A

blood count + film
coagulation screen
bone marrow aspirate

28
Q

what changes are seen in the blood count in acute leukaemia?

A

low Hb
low neutrophils
low platelets

29
Q

what can be seen in the blood film in acute leukaemia?

A

blasts

30
Q

why is a coagulation screen done for investigation of acute leukaemia?

A

to identify any life threatening coagulation problems e.g. DIC

31
Q

what test is needed for a definitive diagnosis of acute leukaemia?

A

immunophenotyping on. abone marrow aspirate

32
Q

what is the main curative treatment for acute leukaemia?

A

multi-agent chemotherapy

33
Q

what do patients with acute leukaemia often have to allow long term central venous access?

A

a hickman line

34
Q

where does the tip of a hickman line sit?

A

junction between the SVC and the RA

35
Q

what should be done if a neutropenic patient develops a fever?

A

immediate broad spectrum antibiotics + send blood cultures

36
Q

when are prophylactic platelets transfusions given for patients undergoing chemo?

A

cut off is 10-20x10^9

37
Q

what are some possible complications of intensive chemotherapy?

A

N+V
hair loss
liver and renal dysfunction
infections

38
Q

when can tumour lysis syndrome occur?

A

during the first course of chemotherapy

39
Q

when is an acute leukaemia patient considered to be in remission?

A

<5% marrow blasts with recovery of normal haemopoiesis

Y3 Haematology (23 decks)

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