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Biology 1306 > Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

1
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms that make up domain bacteria and archaea

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2
Q

what environments are prokaryotes adapted to

A

diverse and extreme environments (too acidic, salty, cold, hot)

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3
Q

what is the most abundant organism on Earth

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

who were the first organisms to inhibit the Earth

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

what is biofilm

A

one or more prokaryotes grow on diff. surfaces

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6
Q

which is bigger prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

what shapes do prokaryotic cells come in

A

spheres(cocci), rods(bacilli) and spirals(spirilla)

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8
Q

what do nearly all prokaryotes have

A

cell wall

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9
Q

what is the function of the cell wall

A

maintain shape
protect the cell
prevent it from bursting in hypotonic environment

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10
Q

what do most bacterial cell walls contain

A

peptidoglycan

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11
Q

what is peptidoglycan

A

network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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12
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

polymer of proteins

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13
Q

what are eukaryote cell walls made of

A

cellulose or chitin

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14
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide sugar that is a fiber and is found in fruit and veggies

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15
Q

what is chitin

A

polysaccharides and forming the major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

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16
Q

what is gram stain

A

used by scientists to classify bacteria by cell wall composition

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17
Q

what is gram-positive

A

bacteria have SIMPLE walls have LARGE amounts of peptidoglycan

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18
Q

what is gram-negative

A

bacteria have less peptidoglycan are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides

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19
Q

what are lipopolysaccharides

A

complex molecule that contains both lipid and polysaccharide parts

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20
Q

what is the peptidoglycan layer important for

A

cell wall structural integrity( primary component of the wall)

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21
Q

what do antibiotics do to peptidoglycan

A

target them and damage the bacterial cell walls

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22
Q

what are beta-lactam antibiotics

A 
a broad class of antibiotics that includes penicillin derivatives, 
cephalosporins
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23
Q

are B-lactam antibotics bacteriocidal?

A

yes, they inhibit the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls

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24
Q

what are glycopeptide antibiotics

A

include VANCOMYCIN, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin

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25
Q

what do glycopeptide antibiotics do

A

used to treat multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis of the bacteria cell walls

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26
Q

which gram bacteria is more resistant to antibiotics

A

gram-negative bacteria

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27
Q

why are gram-negative bacteria more resistant to antibiotics

A

they have a largely impermeable cell wall and the wall is more complex, so they can’t let a lot of things in

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28
Q

what is the sticky OUTER LAYER of a polysaccharide

A

capsule or slime layer is present in some prokaryotes

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29
Q

difference between capsule and slime layer

A

capsule if dense is well defined

slime layer: not well organized

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30
Q

what do both the slime layer can capsule do

A

enable attachment to the substrate or other individuals, and can shield pathogenic bacteria from the host immune system

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31
Q

when do bacteria form inactive endospores

A

when water or nutrients are lacking

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32
Q

what can endospores do

A

withstand extreme conditions and remain viable for centuries

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33
Q

prokaryotes have hairlike appendages called what

A

fimbriae

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34
Q

what do fimbriae do

A

allow them to stick to their substrate

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35
Q

what is pili (sex pili)

A

longer than fimbriae

- pulls cells together and enables the exchange of DNA

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36
Q

what stucture is commonly used by prokaryotes for movement

A

flagella

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37
Q

where are flagella on prokaryotes

A

may be scattered

concentrated at one or both ends

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38
Q

what is bacterial flagella composed of

A
  • 42 different proteins

- motor, hook. filament

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39
Q

what do prokary. lack

A

complex compartmentalization

40
Q

what do prokary. have instead of complex compartmentalization

A 
specialized membranes that perform 
metabolic functions (infoldings of the cell membrane)
41
Q

how many chromosomes do prokay. have

A

1 circular chromosome

42
Q

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

A

pro( lack nucleus, one circular chromosome, smaller rings of independently replicating DNA called plasmids)
euk:( multiple linear chromosome, have a nucleus)

43
Q

what is a plasmid

A

smaller rings of independtly replicating dna

44
Q

what are the differences in dna replication, transcription and translation between euk and pro

A
  • pro have less dna and produce fewer proteins( smaller ribosomes
45
Q

why are the minor differences in DNA replication,

transcription, and translation between euk and pro important

A

These differences allow antibiotics to kill or inhibit bacterial cell
growth without harming human cells

46
Q

what are the 3 factors that contribute to high levels of genetic diversity in pro

A

Rapid reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic recombination

47
Q

how do prokary. reproduce

A

asexually, binary fission

48
Q

what is binary fission

A

offspring cells are generally identical

49
Q

what do prokary. rapid adaptation to the environment indicate

A

highly evolved

50
Q

what does rapid production of genetic diversity in prok. pop. enable

A

rapid adaptation by natural selection

51
Q

what is genetic recombination

A

DNA from different individuals can be combined by transformation,
transduction, or conjugation

52
Q

what is horizontal gene transfer

A

Movement of genes between individual prokaryotes of different species

53
Q

what is transformation

A

:prokaryotic cells
incorporate foreign DNA taken up from their
surroundings

54
Q

what is transduction

A

:phages (from “bacteriophages,”
viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic
genes from one host cell to another

55
Q

what is conjugation

A

DNA is

transferred between two prokaryotic cells via pilli

56
Q

what way is dna transfer in bacteria

A

one way, once cell donates the dna and the other receives it

57
Q

steps for conjugation in e.coli

A

A pilus (Pili) of the donor cell attaches to the recipient
– The pilus retracts, pulling the two cells together
– DNA is transferred through a temporary structure called
the “mating bridge”

58
Q

what required to produce pili

A

dna piece called the F factor

59
Q

what does the F factor exist as

A

plasmid or a segment of DNA within the bacterial chromosome

60
Q

what are dna donors during conjugation

A

cells containing the F factor or plasmid function

61
Q

what are dna recepients during conjugation

A

Cells without the F factor function as DNA

62
Q

F factor is transferable during when

A

conjuagation

63
Q

what is a recombiant cell

A

F plasmids dna is transferred

64
Q

autotroph

A

use light energy to make their own food

65
Q

what is a photoautotroph

A
  • light energy
    -carbon source: CO2
    photosynthetic prokaryotes
66
Q

chemoautogrouph (autotroph)

A

inorganic chemicals (NH3)
carbon sournce: CO2 HCO3
unique to certain prokaryptes

67
Q

photoheterotroph

A
  • light energy
  • carbon sournce: organic compounds
  • unique to certain AQUATIC AND SALT LOVING PROKARY.
  • use light for energy but they don’t just use CO2
68
Q

chemoheterotroph

A
  • organic comound
    carbon compounds: organic compounds
  • many prokaryotes
69
Q

characteristics of oxygen metabolism in prokary.

A
  • prok. metabolism varies due to O2
  • oligate aerobes
  • obligate anerobes
  • facultative anerobes
70
Q

what are oliagate aerobes

A

require O2 for cellular resipration

71
Q

what are obligate anerobes

A

use fermentation

72
Q

what is facultative anerbobes

A

Use O2 if it is present or carry out fermantation

73
Q

what is essential in producing amino acids and nucleic acids

A

nitrogen

74
Q

what is nitrogen fixation

A

prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen N2 to ammonia NH3

75
Q

what does cooperation among cells of prokaryotes allow

A

use environmental

resources they could not use as individual cells

76
Q

what happens in cyanobacterium

A

photosynthetic
cells and nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts (or
heterocytes) exchange metabolic products

77
Q

what are heterocytes

A

nitrogen fixing cells

78
Q

how long do prokaryotes date back to

A

3.5 billion years ago

79
Q

what organism is in every environment known to support life

A

prokaryotes

80
Q

what reveals prokaryotic diversity

A

advances in genomics

81
Q

what led to the division of prokaryotes into 2 domains

A

genetic anaylsis

82
Q

what are evolutionary relationships not reflected by

A

shape, nutritional mode, or motility

83
Q

what has redefined phylogenetic groups

A

PCR; polymerase chain reaction

84
Q

bacteria includes what species

A

prokaryotic species familiar to most people

85
Q

what is repersented among bacteria

A

diverse nutriional types

86
Q

what are the different bacterias

A
  • proteobacteria
  • chlamydias
  • spirochetes
  • cyanobacteria
  • gram positive bacteria
87
Q

what bacteria is associated with proteobacteria

A

thiomargarita

88
Q

what disease is associated with chlamydias

A

chlamydia

89
Q

what disease is associated with spirochetes

A

leptospira

90
Q

what disease is associated with gram-positive bacteria

A

steptomyces

91
Q

proteobacteria

A
  • gram negattive

- photoauto, chemoauto and hetero

92
Q

what is an example of proteobacteria

A

sulfur bacterium thiomargarita is an autotroph

93
Q

examples of heterotrophic probacteria pathogens

A

gonorrhea, cholera, ulcer

94
Q

characteristics of chlamydias

A
  • parasitize animal cells

- gram negative walls (lack peptid)

95
Q

what diseases does chlamydias cause

A

chla,ydia

common cause of blindness

96
Q

characteristics of spirochetes

A
  • helical gram negative heterotrophs
  • rotating internal filaments
  • many are free living others are pathogens
97
Q

cyanobacteria characteristics

A
  • gram negative photoautotroph
  • plant chloroplasts evolved from this bacteria
  • solitary fliamentous cyanobacteria are abundant of freshwater and marine phytoplankton

Biology 1306 (15 decks)

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