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biology 1306 > Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

How can animals extract the nutrients they

need from food while not digesting their own tissues?

A

An animal digests food using

compartmentalized processing in a tubelike system

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2
Q

why is the tubelike system important

A

protects body tissues
while allowing enzymes and acids to
break down nutrients.

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3
Q

what are the 3 needs of an animal

A
  • chemical energy
  • organic building blocks
  • essential nutrients
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4
Q

what the 4 classes of essential nutrients

A
  • essential amino acids
  • essential fatty acids
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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5
Q

what does food processing involve

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination
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6
Q

what is ingestion and digestion

A

ingestion is when you eat

digestion is the process of breaking down the food

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7
Q

what is absorption

A

uptake of small molecules by body cells

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8
Q

what is elimination

A

the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system

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9
Q

what are the 4 main feeding mechanisms

A
  • filter feederss
  • substrate feeders
  • fluid feeders
  • bulk feeders
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10
Q

what do filter feeders do

A

sift small food particles from the water

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11
Q

what are substrate feeders

A

live in or on their food source

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12
Q

what do fluid feeders do

A

suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host

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13
Q

what do bulk feeders do

A

eat relatively large pieces of food most animals including humans feed this way

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14
Q

what are the 2 processes of digestion

A
  • mechanical digestion

- chemical digestion

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15
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

chewing or grinidng

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16
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

enzymes breakdown food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

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17
Q

what are the two digestive compartments

A
  1. intracellular digestion

2. extracellular digestion

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18
Q

what is intracellular digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis(solid) or pinocytosis(liquid)

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19
Q

examples of intracellular digestion

A
  • cellular organelles (food vacuoles) fuse with lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • sponges digest their food entirely by this mechanism
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20
Q

what is extracellular digestion

A

:breakdown of food particles outside

of cells

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21
Q

where does extracellular digestion occur

A

in compartments that are continuous with the outside

of the animal’s body

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22
Q

what digestive compartment do animals with simple body plans have

A

digestvie compartment gastrovascular cavity that functions in both the distribution and distribution of nutrients throughout the body

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23
Q

what digestive compartment do animals with complex body plan have

A

digestive tube with two openings, a mouth and an anus

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24
Q

what is the digestive tube called for complex animals

A

alimentary canal

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25
Q

how does food move through the alimentary canal

A

Food moves in one direction, encountering a
series of specialized compartments that carry
out digestion and nutritarian absorption

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26
Q

what do accessory glands do

A

secrete digestive juices through ducts into the alimentary canal

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27
Q

what are the mammalian accesory glands

A

salivary glands
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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28
Q

where does food processing begin

A

oral cavity

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29
Q

what do the 3 pairs of salivary glands do and what enzymes do they use

A 
deliver saliva (contains
mucus and amylase (which breaks down starch))
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30
Q

what is the pharynx

A

the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

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31
Q

what is the trachea

A

leads to the lungs

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32
Q

what is the esophagus

A

connects to the stomach

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33
Q

how does swallowing affect the epiglottis and the bolus

A 
causes the epiglottis
to block entry to the trachea,
and the bolus is guided by the
larynx, the upper part of the
respiratory tract
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34
Q

when does coughing or choking occur

A

when the swallowing reflex fails and the food or liquids reach the windpipe

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35
Q

what is peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

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36
Q

what are the major roles of the stomach

A

storage of food and process food into a liquid suspension

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37
Q

what is chyme

A

mixture of ingested food and gastric juice

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38
Q

what is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

A

small intestine

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39
Q

what happens in the small intestine

A

enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules from food

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40
Q

what is the pH of gastric juice

A

low pH of 2 and it dentures the proteins

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41
Q

what is gastric juice made up of

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

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42
Q

what is pepsin

A

protease which breaks peptide bonds to cleave proteins into smaller peptides

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43
Q

what do parietal cells do

A

secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen of the stomach

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44
Q

what do chief cells secrete

A

inactive pepsinogen which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach

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45
Q

what is the job of mucus in the stomach

A

protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

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46
Q

how does cell division affect the epithelial layer

A

adds a new epithelial layer every three days

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47
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the first portion of the small intestine

48
Q

what does chyme mix with

A

digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder and small intestine itself

49
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A
  1. ) bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidic chyme

2. ) proteases

50
Q

what are the proteases

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

51
Q

what is fat digestion facilitated by

A

bile salt

52
Q

what is a bile salt

A

a major component of bile

53
Q

what is bile

A

made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

54
Q

where is digestion completed by

A

the duodenum

55
Q

where does nutrient absorption occur

A

the remaining regions of the small intestine

56
Q

what does the small intestine have

A

huge microvilli surface

57
Q

what is does the microvilli do

A

increases the rate of nutrient absoprtion

58
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein do

A

carries the nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver

59
Q

where does blood travel from the liver

A

travels to the heart than other tissues and organs

60
Q

what does the liver regulate

A

nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and detoxifies many organic molecules

61
Q

what do epithelial cells absorb

A

fatty acids and monoglycerids then recombine them into triglycerides

62
Q

what are fats coated with

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins to form water soluble chylomicrons

63
Q

where are chylomicrons transported into

A

a lacteal

64
Q

what is a lacteal

A

a lymphatic vessel in each villus

65
Q

what do lymphatic vessels do

A

deliver chylomicron- containing lymph to large veins that return blood to the heart

66
Q

what does the alimentary canal end with

A

the large intestine

67
Q

what does the large intestine include

A

the colon, cecum, and rectum

68
Q

what does the colon lead to

A

the rectum and anus

69
Q

what is the cecum

A
  • where the small intestine large intestine meet

- in animals it aids in fermenting ingested plant material

70
Q

what does the human cecum have

A

an extention called the appendix

71
Q

what does the appendix do

A

finger shaped

-acts as a reservoir for symbiotic microorganisms

72
Q

what does the colon do with water

A

the recovery of water that began in the small intestine

73
Q

what is the dental adaptation

A

an animal’s assortment of teeth is one example of structural variation reflecting diet

74
Q

why do mammals have sucess

A

because of dentition

75
Q

what do nonmammilan vertebrates have

A

less specialized teeth

76
Q

what type of stomachs do carnivores

A

large expandable stomachs

77
Q

what do herbivores and omnivores have

A

longer alimentary canals than carnivores

78
Q

what does a long alimentary canal mean

A

longer time needed to digest vegetation

79
Q

what does the coexistence of humans and bacteria involve

A

mutualistic symbiosis

80
Q

what does intestinal bacteria do

A
  • produce vitamins

- regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of the innate immune system

81
Q

what is the microbiome

A

the collection of the microorganims living on the body

82
Q

what are some of the differences in the microbiome

A

diet, disease, age

83
Q

what can H pylori do

A

disrupt stomach health by eliminating other bacterial species from the stomach

84
Q

what is H pylori

A

acid tolerant bacterium that has been found to cause stomach ulcers

85
Q

where does fermentation occur

A

in the esophageal derivations

86
Q

what is the esophageal derivations

A

rumen, reticulum, and omasum

87
Q

how many times does food pass through rabbits and rodetnws

A

twice

88
Q

where does the first food chewed go

A

to the reticulum and the rumen

89
Q

what do microorganisms digest

A

cellulose from the plant cell wall

90
Q

what are the 4 chambers of when herbivores digest things

A
  1. ) first food chewed
  2. ) rechewed the food (further breakdown)
  3. ) re-swallowed food goes into the omasum
  4. ) abomasum is a true stomach
91
Q

what do giant tubeworms not have

A

a digestive system

92
Q

how do giant tubeworms obtain nutrients

A

from mutualistic bacteria within their bodies

93
Q

what is matched to the process that enables an animal to obtain nutrients

A

the organisms need energy

94
Q

what does the body store

A

energy-rich molecules that are not needed for metabolism right away

95
Q

in humans what do we store energy as and where

A

glycogen and energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells

96
Q

where is excess energy stored in humans

A

in fat in adipose cells

97
Q

what happens when fewer calories are takin in

A

the human body depends on liver glycogen first then muscle glycogen and fat

98
Q

what does glucose homeotsasis relies on

A

predominantly on the effects of insulin and glucagon

99
Q

where is glucagon and insulin made

A

the pancreas

100
Q

what cells make glucagon

A

alpha cells

101
Q

what cells make up beta cells

A

insulin

102
Q

where is the site of glucose homeostasis

A

liver

103
Q

what does a carbohydrate rich meal do to the body

A

raises insulin levels,

which triggers the synthesis of glycogen

104
Q

what does low blood sugar cause

A

glucagon to stimulate
the breakdown of glycogen and release
glucose

105
Q

what do brain cells do what glucose

A

they can take up insulin whether insulin is present

106
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

a disease that is caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response
to insulin in target tissues

107
Q

what is a descrption of diabetes mellitus

A

Cells are unable to take up enough glucose to meet metabolic needs
– The level of glucose in the blood may exceed the capacity of the kidneys to reabsorb it
– Sugar in the urine is one test for diabetes

108
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A
  • insulin dependent
  • autoimmune disorder in which the immune system
    destroys the beta cells of the pancreas, hence, insulin is not produced
109
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

(non-insulin-dependent) : insulin is produced but the target cell is not
responding

110
Q

what can consumption of more calories than the body needs lead to

A

obesity

111
Q

what does obesity contribute to

A

type 2 diabetes, colon cancer, breast

cancer, heart attacks, and strokes

112
Q

what do hormones regulate for body weight

A

long-term and short-term appetite by

affecting a “satiety center” in the brain

113
Q

what is the ghrelin hormone

A

secreted by the stomach wall and triggers feelings of hunger

114
Q

what is insulin and ppy

A

(secreted by the small intestine

after meals), both suppress appetite ty acting on the brain

115
Q

what is leptin

A

:produced by adipose tissue, also suppresses

appetite and regulates body fat levels

biology 1306 (15 decks)

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