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biology 1306 > Chapter 22: Descent with modification > Flashcards

Chapter 22: Descent with modification Flashcards

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1
Q

who published the Origin of Species

A

Charles darwin

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2
Q

what did the origin of species focus on

A

attention to the great diversity of
organisms

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3
Q

what did darwin note about current species

A

they are descendants of ancestral species

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4
Q

what did darwin use to define evolution

A

descendant with modification

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5
Q

what is the evolution of both of

A

a pattern and a process

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6
Q

what happened when the origin of species was published

A

started a scientific revolution

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7
Q

how did greek philosopher aristotle view species and how did he arrange them

A 
as fixed (unchanging) 
 arranged them on a scala naturae
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8
Q

what is scala naturae

A

scale that increases with complexity

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9
Q

who was farolus linnaeus

A
  • founder of taxonomy
  • developed binomial formal
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10
Q

what is taxonomy

A

the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms

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11
Q

what does descent with modification mean

A

evolution is the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to their different environment

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12
Q

what is the pattern of evolution

A

revealed by scientific data showing that life has evolved over time

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13
Q

what is the process of evolution

A

consists of mechanims that cause pattern of change

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14
Q

how did studing fossils help darwin

A

helped lay the groundwork for darwins ideas

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15
Q

what are fossils

A

remains or tracs of organisms from the past

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16
Q

where are fossils usually found

A

sedimentary rock

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17
Q

what is paleontology

A

the study of fossils

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18
Q

what did geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell say about the Earth

A

perceived that
changes in Earth’s
the surface can result from
slow, continuous actions

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19
Q

what was Lamarck’s hypothesis of evolution

A

species
evolve through use and disuse of body
parts and the inheritance of acquired
characteristics

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20
Q

what is use and disuse

A

body parts used extensively become larger and stronger and unused parts deteriorate

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21
Q

what is the inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

modifications acquired in one’s lifetime can be passed to offspring

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22
Q

what was wrong with lamark’s hypothesis

A

it was not supported by evidence

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23
Q

where did darwin travel and what did he do

A
  • south america
  • collected species of south American plants and aniamls
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24
Q

what did darwin observe while in the galapagos

A

fossils resembled libing species from the same speciess

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25
Q

what did darwin hypothesize in south america

A

species from south america had colonized the galapagos and speciated on the islands

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26
Q

what are adaptations

A

inherited characteristics that enhance an organism’s survival and
reproduction in specific environments

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27
Q

what did darwin say about new species and adaptations

A

that new species arise from ancestral forms through the gradual accumulation of adaptations

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28
Q

in 1844 what did darwin write an essay on

A

natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modificationq

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29
Q

what is natural selection

A

process in
which individuals with certain inherited
traits tend to survive and reproduce at
higher rates because of those traits

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30
Q

what are the 3 observations in descent with modification?

A
  • unity of life
  • diversity of life
  • ways organisms are suited to life in their environments
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31
Q

what did darwin say about organisms that live in different habitats

A

they gradually accumulated diverse modifications to fit them in specific ways of life

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32
Q

what does a fork mean in the branch/ tree diagram

A

the most recent common ancestor

33
Q

what explains the large morphological gaps between related groups

A

branching and extinction events

34
Q

how do humans modify species

A

artificial selection, breeding only

35
Q

what organisms have little resemblance to their wild ancestors

A

crops, livestock animals, pets

36
Q

what are the 2 observations that Charles darwin observed

A
  • Members of a population
    often vary in their
    inherited traits
  • All species can produce
    more offspring than the environment can
    support, and many of these offspring fail to
    survive and reproduce
37
Q

what is the inference of the observation: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits

A

Individuals whose inherited traits gave them a higher probability of
surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring
than other individua

38
Q

what is the inference of the second observation: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can
support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce

A

The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the
accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

39
Q

how many offpsring complete development and reproduce and what happens to the rest

A

only a fraction of offpsring
the rest are starved, eaten, unmated, diseased or intolerant of physical conditions

40
Q

what are advantageous traits

A

: Favorable inherited traits that promote survival and reproduction

41
Q

what do advantageous traits do

A
  • increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce
    which means they appear at a higher frequency in the next generation
  • increase the frequency of the populations with favorable conditions
42
Q

what can increase the proportion of favorable traits in the population

A

natural selection by predators, lack of food, adverse conditions

43
Q

what does natural selection increase

A

the frequency of adaptations that are favorable in an environment

44
Q

what is the main rule of evolution

A
  • indiviudals do not evolve; populations evolve over time
45
Q

what happens to natural selection when the environment changes

A

natural selection drives adaptations to new conditions and give rise to new species

46
Q

how can natural selection control traits

A

can only increase or decrease heritable traits that are variable in a
population

47
Q

how do favorable traits vary

A

they vary within the environment

48
Q

what data documents the pattern of evolution

A

– Direct observations
– Homology
– The fossil record
– Biogeography

49
Q

what is Staphylococcus aureus

A

a bacterium that is commonly found on and occurs on the skin or nasal passages of people

50
Q

what is methicillian-resistant S. Aureus

A

one strained dangerous pathogen that can cause fatal infections

51
Q

what are the characteristics of the methicillin

A

-works by inhibiting an enzyme used by bacteria to produce cell walls

52
Q

what does the MRSA bacteria use

A

a different enzyme in the cell wall that is not affected by methicillin

53
Q

what happens when MRSA strains are exposed to methicillin

A

MRSA strains are more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. Aureus strains

54
Q

what has happened to antiobotic resistance over the decades

A

antibiotic resistance has spread faster than new antibiotics have been discovered

55
Q

what does natural selection not create

A

new traits but edits or selects traits already present in the population

56
Q

how fast is evolution by natural selection

A

fast in species with short generation times

57
Q

what determines how the straits will be selected or not selected

A

the local environment

58
Q

what is homology

A

similarity resulting from a common ancestor

59
Q

what are homologous structures

A

anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural
theme present in a common ancestor

60
Q

what is comparative embryology

A

reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms

61
Q

what do all vertebrate embryos have

A

a post-anal tail and pharyngeal arches

62
Q
A
63
Q

what do the pharyngeal arches develop into

A

structures with very different functions in adults from different vertebrate groups

64
Q

what are molecular homologies

A

genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor

65
Q

what are evolutionary trees

A

diagrams that reflect hypotheses about the relationships among the different groups

66
Q

what is relatedness is determined by what

A

the recent common ancestor, not the proximity of the groups of the tree

67
Q

what can well supported be used to make

A

predictions about organisms

68
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

evolution of similar or analogous features in distantly related groups

69
Q

what does convergent evolution not show

A

information about ancestry

70
Q

when do analogous traits arise

A

when groups independently adapt to similar envionments in similar ways

71
Q

what does the fossil record provide evidence of

A

the extinction of species, the origin of new groups, and changes within group over time

72
Q

what can fossil document

A

important transitins such as the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans

73
Q

how do fossils provide evidence of cetaceans?

A

living cetaceans and their close relatives, are more different from each other today than were early cetaceans and even toed ungulates

74
Q

what are the close relatives of cetaceans

A
75
Q

what is biogeography

A

the scientific study of the geographic distribution of species and provides evidence of evolution

76
Q

what influences species distributions

A

the continental drift

77
Q

what is the continental drift

A

the gradual movement of earth’s landmasses

78
Q

why is it important to understand the continent movement and the modern distribution of species

A

allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved

79
Q
A

biology 1306 (15 decks)

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