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Anatomy (Pharm 110) > 10.0 Integument system > Flashcards

10.0 Integument system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major regions of the integument

A

Epidermis - outermost superficial region

Dermis - middle region

Hypodermis (superficial fascia) - deepest region

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2
Q

what are the cells of the epidermis

A
  • composed of kertainized stratified squamous epithelium
  • 4 cell types and 4-5 layers

Keratinocytes: produce fibrous protein keratin

melanocytes: produce bown pigment melanin

langerhans cells: macrophages, part of immune system

merkel cells: function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings

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3
Q

what are the layers of the epidermis

A

dermis, stratum basale, stratum epinsosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

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4
Q

describe the stratum basale

A
  • basal layer
  • deepest epidermal layer, firmly attached to dermis
  • consists of single row of youngest keratinocutes cells undergo rapid division, hence its alternate name stratum germinativum

*single layer of cells

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5
Q

describe the stratum spinosum

A

aka prickly layer

  • keratinocytes in this layer appear irregular in shape
  • web-like system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
  • melanin granules and langerhans cells are abundant in this layer

*area where cells are aging

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6
Q

where are melanocytes located

A

ONLY in basal layer

  • have membrane proejctions that go into stratnum spinosum
  • keratinocytes take up melanin granules
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7
Q

what are the two types of granules in the stratum spinosum

A

keratohyaline granules: involved in cross linking keratin and cellular dehydration

*make tissue stronger by cross linking keratin

lamellar granules: waterproofing glycolipid grandules that are spewed into extracellular space

*main reason the skin is waterproof

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8
Q

describe the stratum granulosum

A

*as cells go clsoer to skin go farther from nutrient soruce

  • cells flatten, their nuceli, organelles begin to dsiintegrate
  • accumulate keratohyaline granules and lamellar granules

- PMs thicken, cytosol proteins bind to inner membrane face and released lipids coats their external surfaces

  • above stratum granulosum, the epidermal cells are too fat from dermal capillaries and die

*process thought of as toughening up

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9
Q

what is the stratum lucidum

A
  • celar layer
  • thin trasnparent band superficial to stratum granulosum
  • few rots of flat dead keratinocytes
  • Oily layer that is the result of exocytosis of lamellar bodies

only in thick skin: palsm fo ahnds and soles of feet

**only in thick skin like palsm of hands and soles of feet, not elsewhere

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10
Q

describe the stratum corneum

A
  • horny layer
  • outermost layer of keratinized cells (3/4 thickness of epidermid)

*most of epidermis is stratum corneum

  • dandruff is the shingle-like remnants of the stratum corneum that shed from scalp and dry skin

functions include:

  • > waterproofing (glycolipids)
  • . protection from abrasion and penetration (keratin and thickcened plasma mem)
  • rendering body less sensitive to biolgoical and chemical and physical assults
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11
Q

what are the alyers of the epidermid

A

most superfisical -> deep

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum , basale

*come lets get sun burnt

*lucidim is only in thick skin like palsm and soles

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12
Q

what is the dermis

A
  • contains strong, flexible connective tissue
  • cell ypes inclueL fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and WBC
  • has two layers:
  • > Papillary (loose areolar conencive tissues)
  • > returcular layer (dense irregular)
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13
Q

describe the appillary layer of the dermis

A
  • areolar connective tissue (collagen and elastic fibers)
  • sueprior surface contains Peg-like projections called dermal papillae
  • dermal papillae contains: capillary loops, meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings
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14
Q

describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A
  • apporx 80% of the thickness of skin
  • dense irregualr conenctive tissue
  • collagen fibers add strength and resiliency

elastin fibers provide stretch recoil properties

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15
Q

what is the hypodermis

A
  • subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
  • composed of adipose and areolar conenctive tissue
  • blood vessles go through this layer bc has fat to keep them warm -> can reg temp by constriction when cold and promoting blodo flow when warm
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16
Q

what causes variations in skin colour

A

3 pigments: melamin, carotene and hemoglobin

  • Melanin:
    • yellow - black pigment responsible for dark skin colours
    • freckles and males are local accumulatoins of meanin in karatinocyttes
  • Carotene:
    • yellow-orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of feet
      • accumulates in corneum and hypodermis (high conc of fat)
  • hemoglobin:
    • Reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin
    • *cyanosis due to poorly oxygenated blood (blueish purple)
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17
Q

what are the 4 types of sweat glands

A

sudoriferous glands, ceruminous, mammary and sebaceous

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18
Q

descibe sudoriferous sweat glands

A

2 typres

  • Apocrine glands
    • viscous secretion (milky yellowish colour)
    • activity can be increased by sexual foreplay (axilla, perianal)
    • associated with hair follicle
  • Eccrine (merocrine) glands
    • secretion of hypotonic filrate of the blood
    • helps to prevent overheating (all over but more in axilla)
    • coiled strucute with tube
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19
Q

desrcibe the ceruminous gland

A

Secrete cerumen or earwax

thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material

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20
Q

describe mammary glands

A

specialized sweat glands that secrete milk

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21
Q

describe sebaceous oil glands

A
  • holocine oil secretion called sebum (made of colesterol, proteins, fats and salts)
  • keeps hair and skin soft and pliable, inhibits growth of bacteria and fingu (ringworm)
  • activated during puebrty when androgens begin torise
  • acne caused by clogged sebaceous gland pore
22
Q

what are the functions of hair

A

􏰁 Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin

􏰁 Guarding the scalp against trauma, heat loss and sunlight

􏰁 Eyelashes shield the eyes and nose hairs filter large particles

23
Q

what locations on the body do not have hair

A

Palms, soles, lips, nipples and portions of

the external genitalia

24
Q

describe the layers of the hair follicle

A
  • a knot of sensory verve endings called bhiar follicle receptor or root hair plexus wraps around each hair bulb
  • bending of hair stimulates these endings helping our hairs to act as sensitive touch receptors
  • has a cuticle, medulla and cortex
25
Q

what is the hair papilla and the hair matrix?

A

Hair papilla - dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb and has capillaries

Hair matrix - actively dividing area that produces hair, as cells are pushed upward they become increasing keratinized and die

26
Q

what determines hair colour

A
  • pigment made by melanocytes at the abse of the hair follice
  • blonde and red hair have only a small amount of eumelanin, also have pheomelanin
  • black hair is all eumelanin
27
Q

describe the stages of hair growth

A
  • 3 step growth cycle
  1. Growth stage
    • cells of matrix differentiate, keratinize and die
    • forms root sheath and shaft
    • scale: 2-6 years growth at 0.3mm/day rgowth rate
  2. Resting stage
    • growth of hair stops, can last for 3 months on scalp
  3. After resting stage
    • hair replaces and new growth stage
28
Q

what is alopecia

A
  • patial or complete hair loss

0 results from genetic factors, aging, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy or skin disease

29
Q

describe Pattern baldness

A
  • androgenic alopecia
  • genetically determines and sex influenced
  • delayed action gene that “switches on” in adulthood and changes the response of hair follicles to DHT

Treat with: minoxidil (stim hair growth) and finasteride

30
Q

what is the structure of a nail

A
  • modification of the epidermis made of hard ketatin
  • deeper layers of epidermis extend beneath the nail as nail bed
  • as nail cells become heavily keratinized the nail body slides distaly over the nail bed
31
Q

what are the fucntions of the integumentary system

A
  1. Protection
    • chemical (low pH, glycolipid waterproofing), physical and mechanical barrier
  2. Cutaneous sensation
    • sens external touch/pain
  3. Body temp
    • reg by: BV constiction to keep warm, dilation to inc sweat gland secretions to cool
  4. Metabolic functions
    • synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels
  5. Blood reservoir
    • skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the bodys blood volume
  6. Excretion
    • limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from body in sweat
32
Q

describe aspects of cutaneous sensation of the integumentary system

A

Cutaneous sensation

  • called exoreceptors bc they sense external touch and pain
  • merket discs: free nerve endings, caress and clothing
  • meissners corpuscles: sense light pressure, heat and pain, rapidly adapting
  • pacinian corpuslces: deeper alter to deep pressure bumps
  • hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus
33
Q

what is a carcinoma

A

Cancer derived from epithelial cells and includes those of the breast, prostate, lung and colon

34
Q

What is sarcoma

A

Cancer derived from connective tissue, ormesenchymal cells

35
Q

what are lymphoma and leukemia

A

Cancer derived from hematopoietic cells

36
Q

what is a germ cell tumor

A

Cancer derived from pluripotent cells

37
Q

What is a blastoma

A

cancer derives from embryonic tissue

38
Q

how does skin cancer develop

A
  • most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize
  • crucial risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancers is disabling the p53 gene (tumor suppressor gene)
  • get one mutation, then two mutations, then 3, becomes invassive, if it gets into blood vessel can go to other areas of the body
39
Q

what are the 3 major types of skin cancer

A
  1. Basal cell carcinoma
  2. Squamous cell carcinoma
  3. Melanoma
40
Q

what is basal cell carcinoma

A
  • Least malignant and most common skin cancer
  • Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
  • Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases
  • Slow growing and do not often metastasize
41
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma

A

􏰀 Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum

􏰀 Arise most often on scalp, ears and lower lip

􏰀 Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed

􏰀 Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

42
Q

what is melanoma

A
  • cancer of the melanocytes, is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because
  • > highly metastatic
  • > resistant to chemotherapy
  • treated by wide surgical excision and immunotherapy
  • chance of survival is poor if lesion is over 4mm thick
43
Q

what are the characteristics of melanoma

A

ABCD

  • A: Asymmetry; two sides of the pigmented area don’t match
  • B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations
  • C: Color is black, brown, tan and sometimes red or blue
  • D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)
44
Q

what are burns

A
  • caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation or friction
  • burns can be highly variable in terms of tissue affected, severity and resultant complication
  • muscle, bone blood vessel, dermal and epidermal tissue can all be damaged
  • pain is due to inury of nerves
45
Q

what is a first gree brun

A
  • superficial thickness
  • depth: epidermis involvement

cncial findings: erthema, minor pain, lack of blisters

46
Q

what is second degree burn

A
  • partial thickeness - superfiscial
  • depth: superficial (papillary) dermis
  • clinical findings: blisters, clear fluid and pain
47
Q

what is a third degree burn

A
  • partial thickness (deep)
  • depth: deep (retiruclar) dermis
  • whiter appearance
48
Q

what is a fourth degree burn

A
  • full thickness
  • depth: epidermis, dermis and partial damage to subcutaneous fat, eschar formation and minial pain, requires grafts
49
Q

what is a fith degree burn

A
  • subdermial
  • complete destruction of epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat and underlying tissue and possible fascia, bone or mucle
  • hard leather like eschar, purple fluid, no sensation (insensate)
50
Q

when is a burn considered critical

A
  • Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns
  • Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns

Third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet

51
Q

rule of 9s to calculate burn sevarity

A

legs: 9%

anterior trunk: 18%

arm: 4/12%
head: 4 1/2^

52
Q

burns can be potentially fatal, describe pathology of first 24 hr after burn

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Tissue/blood destruction and hemoglobin loss leadshypoxia
  • Glomerular filtration rate and urinary output reduced andmetabolic acidosis
  • Plasma loss of proteins 4-6 hours post injury results in reduced intravascular colloid pressure causing plasma fluid loss

Anatomy (Pharm 110) (41 decks)

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