Eukaryotic cells

Question 1

cytoplasm

Answer 1

a jelly-like liquid that makes up the bulk of the cell and contains the organelles

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

an organelle containing the nucleic acids DNA (the genetic material) and RNA, as well as protein, surrounded by a double nuclear membrane with pores

Question 3

protoplasm

Answer 3

the cytoplasm and nucleus combined

Question 4

ultrastructure

Answer 4

the detailed organisation of the cell, only visible using the electron microscope

Question 5

intracellular

Answer 5

inside the cell

Question 6

chromatin

Answer 6

the granular combination of DNA bonded to protein found in the nucleus when the cell is not actively dividing

Question 7

nucleolus

Answer 7

an extra-dense region of almost pure DNA and protein found in the nucleus; it is involved in the production of ribosomes and control of growth and division

Question 8

mitochondria

Answer 8

rod-like structures with inner and outer membranes that are the site of aerobic respiration

Question 9

cristae

Answer 9

the infoldings of the inner membrane of the mitochondria which provide a large surface area for the reactions of aerobic respiration

Question 10

eubacteria

Answer 10

true bacteria(prokaryotic organisms)

Question 11

centrioles

Answer 11

bundles of tubules found near the nucleus and involved in cell division by the production of a spindle of microtubules that move the chromosomes to the ends of the cell

Question 12

spindle

Answer 12

a set of overlapping protein microtubules running the length of the cell, formed as the centrioles pull apart in mitosis and meiosis

Question 13

80S ribosomes

Answer 13

the main type of ribosome found in eukaryotic cells consisting of ribosomal RNA and protein, made up of a 60S and 40S subunit; they are the site of protein synthesis

Question 14

70S ribosomes

Answer 14

the ribosomes found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and in prokaryotic organisms

Question 15

endosymbiotic theory

Answer 15

a theory that suggests the mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as independent prokaryotic organisms that began living symbiotically inside other cells as endosymbionts

Question 16

lysosomes

Answer 16

organelles full of digestive enzymes used to break down worn-out cells or organelles or digest food in simple organisms

Question 17

apoptosis (programmed cell death)

Answer 17

the breakdown of worn-out, damaged or diseased cells by the lysosomes

Question 18

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 18

a 3D network of membrane-bound cavities in the cytoplasm that links to the nuclear membrane and makes up a large part of the cellular transport as well as playing an important role in the synthesis of many different chemical substances

Question 19

rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 19

endoplasmic reticulum that is covered in 80S ribosomes and which is involved in the production and transport of proteins

Question 20

exocytosis

Answer 20

the movement of large molecules out of cells by the fusing of a vesicle containing the molecules with the surface cell membrane; the process requires ATP

Question 21

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 21

a smooth tubular structure similar to RER, but without ribosomes, which is involved in the synthesis and transport of steroids and lipids in the cell

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

stacks of membranes that modify proteins made elsewhere in the cell and package them into vesicles for transport and also produce materials for plant cell walls and insect cuticles