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anatomy and physiology > Nervous System I > Flashcards

Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input is information gathered by

A

By sensory receptors about internal and external change

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2
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation of sensory output

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3
Q

Motor output (hint: think efferent pathway)

A

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

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4
Q

CNS- central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord- integration and command centre

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5
Q

PNS- Peripheral nervous system

A

Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from CNS

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6
Q

ANS Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic- involuntary nervous system eg heart and gastrointestinal

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7
Q

Neurons transmit

A

Electrical and chemical signals, can live longer than 100 years

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Synapse with other neurons and are receptive input region

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9
Q

Axon hillock

A

Site of electrical impulse (action potential) generation in response to stimulus from dendrites

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10
Q

Axon is the…

A

Outgoing tail, generates and transmits nerve impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

Neuroglia are glial cells

A

Groups of supporting cells in CNS and PNS eg Schwann cells

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12
Q

Myelin sheath role

A

Protects and electrically insulated the axon to prevent charge leaks, increases conduction velocity of nerve impulse transmission.

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13
Q

Myelin sheath Schwann cells

A

Wrap around axon many times

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14
Q

Myelin sheath Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between Schwann cells

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15
Q

Electrical current is

A

The imbalance of ions across cell membrane and subsequent movement of these ions

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16
Q

Polarisation

A

Membrane is at rest neurons ~70 mV

17
Q

Depolarisation

A

Membrane potential less negative ~ -70 to ~ +30 mV

18
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Membrane potential more negative than testing polarised potential -70 - -90 mV

19
Q

Membrane ion channels- Leakage

A

Non-gated ion channels always open

20
Q

Voltage gated ion channels

A

Ion channels open in response to changes in membrane potential

21
Q

Mechanically gated channels

A

Open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors eg hair cells of inner ear

22
Q

Ions during polarised

A

Inside membrane more K+ ions than Na+

Channels closed

23
Q

Ions during Depolarisation phase

A

Na+ channels open and Na+ flows down concentration gradients in cell. More positive near inside of cell membrane

24
Q

Ions during depolarisation phase

A

Na+ channels close and K+ channels open so K+ flows out of cell. More negative bear inside of cell membrane

25
Q

Ions during hyperpolarisation phase

A

Some K+ channels open to allow excessive efflux. Some Na+ channels open allowing membrane potential to return to polarisation

26
Q

Threshold refers to

A

Membrane potential required to stimulate an action potential.
Na+ permeability increases triggering action potential event

27
Q

Subthreshold stimulus refers to

A

Weak local depolarisation that does not reach threshold. No action potential event

28
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Resistant to stimulus where neuron cannot respond to another stimulus. Enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses

29
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Follows absolute refractory when depolarisation is occurring. Threshold for AP generation is elevated during hyperpolarisation

30
Q

Conduction velocity

A

Myelinstion can speed conduction velocities. At node of ranvier, voltage gated Na+ ion channels open and ions flow to next node of ranvier.

31
Q

Synapse is

A

The gap between axon of one neuron and dendrites of another neuron

32
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulses towards the synapse

33
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Transmits impulses away from synapse

34
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Release and receive neurotransmitters

Composed of axon terminal and receptor region

35
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Fluid filled space separating pre and post synaptic neurons prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next. Chemical event

36
Q

Information transfer step 1

A

AP arrived at axon terminal and opens voltage gated Ca+ channels.

37
Q

Information transfer step 2

A

Influx of Ca+ promotes fusion of synaptic vescicles with axon membrane and executor is of neurotransmitter occurs

38
Q

Information transfer step 3

A

Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to receptors (can be chemically gated ion channels) on postsynaptic neuron

39
Q

Termination of neurotransmitter effects

A

Can be degraded by enzymes
Re-uptaken by axon terminal in presynaptuc neuron and recycled
Diffusion away from synaptic cleft

anatomy and physiology (11 decks)

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