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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the coding, capacity and duration of short-term memory

A
  • Coding = Acoustic
  • Capacity = 7 items (+/- 2 items)
  • Duration = 18-30 seconds
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2
Q

What is the coding, capacity and duration of long-term memory

A
  • Coding = Semantic
  • Capacity = Unlimited
  • Duration = Up to a lifetime
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3
Q

Who did a study on the coding of STM and LTM and what happened during the study

A
  • Baddeley
  • Showed participants words that were: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar
  • Asked to recall the words after a short time for stm and a longer time for ltm
  • Found that stm is acoustic and ltm is semantic
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4
Q

Who conducted a study to find the capacity of STM and what happened

A
  • Jacob’s
  • Digit strings
  • Participants asked to recall the digit strings adding a number each time
  • Found that the average digit string was 9.3 and letter string was 7.3 therefore concluding that capacity was 5-9 items
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5
Q

List the 3 components of the multi-store model of memory

A
  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
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6
Q

What is the coding, capacity and duration of sensory register

A
  • Coding = Modality Specific
  • Capacity = Unlimited
  • Duration = very short, as long as 250 milliseconds
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7
Q

List the components of the working memory model

A
  • Central executive
  • Visuo-special sketchpad
  • Phonological loop
  • Episodic Buffer
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8
Q

What are the components in the visuo-spatial sketchpad

A
  • Inner Scribe
  • Visual Cashe
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9
Q

What are the components of the phonological loop

A
  • Phonological store
  • Articulatory Process
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10
Q

What is the capacity of the central executive

A
  • 4 Items
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11
Q

Who is HM and what is the case study

A
  • Hm = Henry Molaison
  • Had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy
  • Ltm was severely damaged as he could not remember what had happened earlier on in his day however he performed well in test of stm
  • Demonstrated that stm and ltm are distinctly different components of memory and that they are stored in different parts of the brain
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12
Q

What are the three types of long-term memory

A
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
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13
Q

What is procedural memory

A
  • Ltm store of how to do things (muscle memory)
  • Memories of previously learned things
  • Recall these things unconsciously
  • E.g riding a bike
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14
Q

What is Semantic memory

A
  • Our knowledge of the world and general facts and knowledge of what words and concepts mean
  • Conscious recall
  • E.g Paris is the capital of France
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15
Q

What is Episodic memory

A
  • Ltm store for personal events
  • Memories of when events occurred and people, objects, places and behaviours involved
  • Conscious recall
  • E.g What you had for breakfast
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16
Q

Who is Clive wearing and what does his case study show + Evaluation

A
  • Clive wearing had severe viral encephalitis attacking his brain
  • Clive could remember different things like how to play the piano (procedural) however he could not remember his wife’s name or who he had seen in the past hour
  • Demonstrates that Ltm has different components
  • Evaluation = Clive is a one off which causes this case study to have poor generalisability. It is also unethical as Clive is unable to give informed consent
17
Q

What is atavistic form

A
  • Our subconscious image of a criminal and how we perceive them
18
Q

List some atavistic characteristics

A
  • Narrow sloping brow
  • Strong prominent jaw
  • High cheekbones
  • Facial Asymmetry
  • existence of extra toes, nipples or fingers
  • Murderers = Bloodshot eyes, curly hair and long ears
  • Sexual deviants = Glinting eyes, swollen fleshy lips and projecting ears
  • Tattoos
19
Q

What is the interference theory and when does it occurs

A
  • When we forget things as a result of interference of other information
  • Occurs when two pieces of information conflict
20
Q

What are the two types of interference

A
  • Proactive
  • Retroactive
21
Q

What is proactive interference

A
  • When Old information replaces new information
22
Q

What is retroactive interference

A
  • When new information replaces old information
23
Q

Evaluate interference theory

A
  • Has good validity as there have been a lot of experiments
  • Studies of interference theory lack mundane realism
24
Q

Which psychologists investigated interference theory and what did their study involve

A
  • Mcgeoch and McDonald
  • Word lists - Participants had to remember two sets of words either with little or a lot of similarity
  • were shown one list of words, then the. Another and had to recall the first list
  • Second list was either: Synonyms, Antonyms, Unrelated words, Nonsense syllables, Three digit numbers or No new list
  • Findings: Similar lists provided worst recall, Unrelated lists provided best recall
25
Q

Evaluate Mcgeoch and McDonald’s study

A

Positives:
- Proof for theories
- Lab based = Highly controlled = No confounding variables

Negatives:
- Lacks ecological validity
- Lacks mundane realism

26
Q

What did baddeley and hitch do a study on

A
  • Rugby players to investigate interference theory and if it was a better explanation for forgetting over time
  • Asked rugby players to name the teams that they had played week by week
  • Sone players had missed matches so the last team they played may have been 2 or 3 weeks ago
  • Showed that accurate recall did not depend on time, it depended on the number of matches they had played in the meantime
  • Shows that interference theory can apply to at least some everyday explanations
27
Q

What is retrieval failure

A
  • When a memory is available but not accessible
28
Q

What are memory cues

A
  • A trigger that enables access to memories
29
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle

A
  • Recall is Better when the cues that were present when we learnt something are also present when we recall it —> Tulving
30
Q

What is a meaningful cue

A
  • A cue linked to material to be accessed in a meaningful way
31
Q

What is context-dependant forgetting

A
  • When we try and recall something in a different environment from where the learning took place causing forgetting
  • Godden and baddeley deep sea diver study
32
Q

What is state-dependant forgetting

A
  • When we try and recall something is a different physical or psychological state to when we learnt it causing forgetting
  • Carter and Cassidy medication study
33
Q

What happened in Godden and Baddeley’s study

A
  • Context-Dependant forgetting
  • Had divers learn word lists either on land or in water and then recall either in water or on land
  • Found that recall was better when divers recalled the lists on the same context as when the learning took place
  • Proved retrieval failure as the relevant cues for learning were not present to help when the environment was different
34
Q

Evaluate Godden and Baddeley’s study

A
  • Has high ecological validity
  • Low mundane realism as a small percentage of people are actually divers
35
Q

What happened in Carter and Cassiday’s study

A
  • State-dependant forgetting
  • gave anti-histamine drugs to participants to make them slightly drowsy
  • Then participants to learn a word list either on the drugs or off the drugs and then recall either on drugs or off drugs
  • Recall was better when recall state was the same as learning state
  • When cues are absent recall is lower
36
Q

Evaluate Carter and Cassiday’s study

A
  • Low ecological validity s most people wouldn’t learn information whilst drugged
  • Provides evidence for retrieval failure
37
Q

Evaluate Retrieval failure theory

A

+ Lots of studies to provide evidence
- Context effects may not be so strong in real life as contexts have to be extremely different when recalling fro where learning took place (Baddeley)
- Presence or absence of cues only effects memory when you test it in a certain way

38
Q

Evaluate the types of long term memory

A

+ Clive Wearing
+ Neuroimaging evidence = Tulving did PET scans on patients while asking them to perform memory tasks —> Found that episodic and semantic were stored in prefrontal cortex but different hemispheres –> Semantic = left and episodic = right
+ Real life applications allows psychologists to target certain types of memories to better peoples lives

Psychology (10 decks)

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