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Psychology > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Evaluate the evolutionary approach to relationships?

A

+ Shackleford et al gave questionnaires to newly married couples + found strong positive correlation between men’s report of mate retention and women’s reports of partners physical violence. Gives theories validity

+ Can explain gender differences in the use of physical violence = Demonstrates there are gender differences

  • Extremely difficult to test validity = Studies are correlational so it’s not possible to go back to our past and test out these theories = Can’t establish cause + relationship = Not falsifiable
  • Fails to explain differences in culture = suffers from culture bias = Not universal
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2
Q

What is anisogamy and why does it relate to relationships?

A
  • Differences between male and female sex cells
  • Causes male’s and female’s to use different strategies to gain reproductive success
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3
Q

What is intra-sexual selection?

A
  • The ‘female choice’
  • the idea that due to the greater investment of time, energy and resources require from a female to raise a child, females need to be more careful when choosing a partner.
  • Need to be sure partner will provide the right genetic fit + provide resources
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4
Q

What is inter-sexual selection?

A
  • The ‘male choice’
  • Refers to features that allow male’s to compete with other male’s for a female mate.
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5
Q

Evaluate intersexual relationships:

A
  • Clark and Hatfield
  • Asked male + female student volunteers asked to go around uni campus and ask “Seen u around, find you attractive, will you got o be with me?”
  • Found 75% of male student agreed but no female’s said yes
  • Demonstrates how male’s want reproductive success and female’s need longer to decide
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6
Q

Evaluate intrasexual relationships:

A
  • Waynforth and Dunbar
  • Researched ‘Lonely Hearts’ Columns in American Newspapers
  • Found Women described themselves in terms of physical attractiveness and youth
  • Men advertised resources and intelligence more
  • Demonstrates how females say them are more attractive than others whereas males say more intelligent than others
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7
Q

Evaluate Anisogamy:

A
  • Buss
  • Surveyed 10,000 adults in 33 countries
  • Found females universally put more importance on resource-related characteristics in a parter
  • Male’s prefer younger mates + put more value on female’s ability to reproduce
  • Shows difference between male + female partner preferences
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8
Q

What is self-disclosure?

A
  • Gradually revealing information to a trusted person = Low risk to high risk information
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9
Q

What is the Social Penetration Theory?

A
  • Based on reciprocal sharing where we penetrate deeply into each others lives
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10
Q

What is the role of Breadth and Depth in self disclosure?

A
  • Breadth comes before Depth
  • We reveal superficial info first, moving into intimate details later
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11
Q

Evaluate Self Disclosure:

A
  • Boom and Bust phenomenon where they found anonymity in online relationships made disclosure of personal info much earlier than face to face relationships = Self disclosure does not always lead to greater intimacy

+ Lots of correlational research to support S-D

+ Has practical information -> Couples therapy

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12
Q

What are the theories involved with physical attractiveness?

A
  • Halo Effect
  • Matching Hypothesis
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13
Q

What is the Halo Effect?

A
  • Idea that people who are judged to be attractive are typically perceived in a positive light
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14
Q

What is the Matching Hypothesis?

A
  • When a Person’s choice of partner is a balance between a desire to have the most physically attractive partner possible and their wish to avoid being rejected by someone ‘way out of their league’.
  • Results in someone settling for someone who is equally as attractive as them
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15
Q

Evaluate Physical Attractiveness theory?

A
  • Halo effect: Asked people to rate attractive and unattractive people on competence -> Found attractive people rated higher
  • Matching Hypothesis: People randomly paired with partners for a dance. Asked 4-6 months later whether they would like to go on second date. Contrary to MH students expressed higher appreciation for more attractive partners regardless of their own level of attractiveness
  • Website users more likely to arrange a meeting someone more attractive than them
  • Matching hypothesis only works for short-term relationships. Long-term relationships look for needs more than attractiveness
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16
Q

What is Filter Theory?

A
  • When people choose a partner using a set of criteria in order to narrow down the ‘Pool of Availability’
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17
Q

What are the 3 stages of Filter Theory?

A
  • Sociodemographic factors
  • Similarity of Attitudes
  • Complimentarity
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18
Q

What are the sociodemographic factors in filter theory of relationships?

A
  • Physical proximity
  • Level of education
  • Costal Class
  • Religion
  • People more likely to build relationships with people close and with similar beliefs as it gives assurance that relationship is more likely to move forward
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19
Q

What is the similarity of attitudes filter in filter theory?

A
  • People find those who share similar core values and beliefs on things such as career and family values more attractive.
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20
Q

What is the Complimentarily filter in filter theories?

A
  • Relates to each of the partners having some traits that the other partner lacks in order to help each other fulfilling their needs
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21
Q

Evaluate Filter Theory:

A
  • Winch = Similarity of attitudes important for forming relationships but complementarity more important for long-term relationships
  • Has good face validity as many people experience sociodemographic factors and complementarity in everyday life
  • Sociodemographic factors don’t play as big a role today as proximity is not a problem because of technology = Lacks temporal validity
  • Lacks cultural validity
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22
Q

What is the Social Exchange Theory?

A
  • When e commit to a relationship if we think it is profitable = Maximise rewards and minimise costs
23
Q

What are some rewards and costs in social exchange theory relationships?

A

+ Emotional Support
+ Companionship
+ Sex
+ Economic Stability

  • Loss of time
  • Loss of Energy
  • Loss of independence
  • Financial hardship
24
Q

What is Comparison level in Social Exchange Theory?

A
  • The standard against which all relationships are compared -> Based on what you believe you should receive -> Comes from past relationship experience
25
Q

What happens overtime to our comparison level in social exchange theory?

A
  • Low self esteem linked to less profit, maybe even loss
26
Q

What are the 4 stages of relationships in the social exchange theory?

A

1) Sampling = Consider the potential rewards + Costs of a relationship + Compare with other possible relationships at the time

2) Bargaining = Give + receive rewards to test whether deeper relationship is worthwhile

3) Commitment = Relationship increases in predictability each partner knows how to elicit rewards from the other -> Lowers costs

4) Institutionalisation = Relationship norms are developed establishing patterns of rewards + costs for each partner

27
Q

Evaluate Social Exchange Theory?

A
  • Lacks ecological validity has keeping score of rewards and costs doesn’t happen in real world
  • Ignores idea of equity = Lacks validity as doesn’t say anything about being fair
  • Deals with abstract and difficult to measure concepts meaning that you can’t make rewards measurable as they are all different to every person
  • Uses highly artificial scenarios to test showing it has bias to get the desired results. Not tested real world
    + Can explain why people stay in abusive relationships = People don’t know what will happen out of relationship so stay as feel don’t deserve any better
28
Q

What is the equity theory?

A
  • When people strive to achieve fairness in their relationships -> Profit is roughly the same for each person
29
Q

What happens if a partner is underbenefitted?

A
  • leads to anger, resentment and hostility
30
Q

What happens when a relationship is inequitable?

A
  • Leads to unhappiness -> May come from being under or over benefitted in a relationship
31
Q

What does ‘changes in perceived equity’ relate to?

A
  • Something at the start of a relationship that you were happy with, is no longer satisfying at the end of it
32
Q

How do partners deal with equity?

A
  • Work harder to make the relationship equitable (Behavioural)
  • Change how they perceive costs/rewards so relationship becomes more equitable
33
Q

Evaluate Equity theory:

A

+ Research to support theories claims -> research conducted two show more satisfaction in equitable relationships = Supports theories and gives validity
- Can’t be applied cross culturally - Theory is biased towards individualist cultures
- Has contradictory evidence against it = Not needed as other theories can predict relationship better
- May not be Abe to be applied to romantic relationships = Lacks application to whole theory

34
Q

How is the investment model an expansion to SET?

A
  • Satisfaction
  • Comparison with alternatives
35
Q

What does satisfaction relate to?

A
  • Set rewards = Cost - specific
  • Rewards need to exceed costs
  • Seen as satisfying if it compares well to what they’ve had before
36
Q

What other aspect of SET is included in investment model?

A
  • Alternatives = Commitment levels
    |_> Attractive alternative = may leave relationship “could be doing better elsewhere’
  • No alternative = may maintain relationship
37
Q

What is the third factor involved in investment theory?

A

Investments:
- Intrinsic = Time, money, emotion -> I.E put directly in
- Extrinsic = Shared things that may be lost: Shared pet, Network of friends, children

38
Q

What does Rusbult say about satisfaction and commitment?

A
  • Commitment determines whether you stay in or leave a relationship
  • From satisfaction = Partner can be in a relationship but not satisfied
39
Q

what are examples of commitments in everyday maintenance behaviours of a relationship?
(Investment Theory)

A
  • Accommodation = Behaviours to promote a relationship
  • Willingness to Sacrifice = Put partners interests first
  • Forgiveness = Forgive them
  • Positive Illusions = unrealistically positive about partner
  • ridiculing Alternatives = Negative about alternatives
40
Q

Evaluate Investment theory:

A

+ Evidence to support it = LE and Agnew meta analysis = Factors can be applied universally
+ Can explain intimate partner violence = Commitment when economic alternatives poor and investment great lead to violence
- Based on correlational data = More committed you are the more likely to invest in relationship
+ Self-report methods used = Appropriate because not objective reality of factors that matter

41
Q

What are the 4 stages of Duck’s Phase model of relationship breakdown:

A
  • Intra-Psychic phase = I can’t stand this anymore -> Something has to change - dissatisfaction with relationship
  • Dyadic Phase = I would be justified in withdrawing = Partner concludes dissatisfaction with relationship
  • Social Phase = I Mean It = Seek support from mutual friends - Friends usually take a side
  • Grave Dressing Phase = it is now inevitable -> Suitable story of relationship and its end is prepared for wider cosumption
42
Q

Evaluate Duck’s phase model of relationship breakdown:

A
  • Research is often unreliable meaning model Is based on limited info about start of breakdown and so is incomplete as a description
  • Merely a description os how relationships breakdown instead of being able to explain how they breakdown = Fails to give a complete picture
  • Can’t be easily applied cross culturally = Shows the model has cultural bias and is therefore inappropriate to use Duck’s model in certain cultures
    + Can be applied to the real world = therapist can work with couples as breakdown is understood = Model can lead to supportive suggestions
43
Q

Outline reduced cues theory within virtual relationships?

A
  • Lack of non-verbal cues (Physical appearance, facial expressions) Leads to disindividuation leading to disinhibition (blunt and aggressive) leading to a lack of Self-disclosure -> Impersonal relationship
44
Q

Outline the Hyperpersonal model within virtual relationships?

A
  • Develops quickly + very early on - Disclose a lot
  • Intimate + intense relationship
  • Might end quickly because of high excitement not matched by trust
  • Breadth + Depth and Boom and Bust = selective self-presentation -> Positive and idealised way
45
Q

What role does the absence of gating have in CMC (Computer mediated communication) relationships?

A
  • Relationship can develop to point where S.D becomes deeper + More frequent
  • Works by refocusing attention on S.D
46
Q

Why does absence of gating work in virtual relationships?

A
  • Allows S.D and Intimacy to develop
47
Q

Evaluate research into Virtual relationships:

A
  • Reduced cues theory = Lack of support -> ~Argued there are no non-verbal cues used in CMC relationships = Shows how online can be just as personal so theory not valid
    + Wealth of support for hyperpersonal model -> Findings have been done that are consistent with model
    + Evidence also available for absence of gating idea = CMC helpful to support socially anxious people build confidence in forming relationships
  • Absence of gating theory fails to consider difference between men and women = Shows it is gender biased
48
Q

Outline each level of par asocial relationships, according to the celebrity attitude scale:

A
  • Entertainment social = Celebrities viewed as fuel for social interaction like gossiping
  • Intense personal = Intense thoughts and feelings felt about a celebrity, individuals share thoughts with others that feel the same
  • Borderline Pathological = Uncontrollable and extreme behaviour -> Prepared to commit illegal acts for the celebrity
49
Q

Why are people more likely to form parasocial relationships according to McCutcheon’s absorptions-addiction model?

A

Absorption = You have deficit in your own sense of personal identity -> Has addictive qualities = People have relationships to fill their personal identity

50
Q

hat are some examples of deficiencies in personal identity in Parasocial relationships:

A
  • Weak sense of self
  • Poor mental health
  • Lack of fulfilment in everyday life
51
Q

Outline the absorption aspect of the Absorption-addiction model:

A
  • Seeking fulfilment in celeb motivates individual to focus their attention as far as possible on celebrity
  • Become preoccupied with their existence + Identify with them
52
Q

Outline the addiction aspect of the Absorption-addiction model:

A
  • Individuals need to sustain commitment to relationship by feeling a stronger + Closer involvement with celeb
  • Leads to extreme behaviours and delusional thinking -> E.g Stalking
53
Q

Evaluate Parasocial relationships:

A

+ Research finding adolescent females reporting intense par asocial relationship with female celeb found they had poorer body image -> PSR’s stem fro insecurities = Provide support for theory
- Absorption-addiction model = Criticised for being more of a description than explanation -> Lacks validity
- Lack of research support = McCutcheon did research which contradicted the theory = Lowers validity of theory as there is no research support
+ Can be applied cross culturally = Theory is culturally relative and universal -> shows it is innate within you -> demonstrates evolutionary relationship

Psychology (10 decks)

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