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Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

List the four definitions of abnormality

A
  • Deviation from social norms
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
  • Failure to function adequately
  • Statistical infrequency
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2
Q

What is deviation from social norms

A

All behaviours that go against the standards of behaviour that society considers normal

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3
Q

name 4 of the 8 criteria of ideal mental health as said by Jahoda

A
  • no symptoms of distress
  • We are rational and can perceive ourselves naturally
  • We self-actualise
  • We can cope with stress
  • Realistic view of the world
  • Good self-esteem and lack of guilt
  • Independent from other people
  • Can successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure
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4
Q

What is statistical infrequency

A

When only a small number of people exhibit a behaviour causing it to be considered abnormal. usually based on comparisons with actual sets of data.

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5
Q

What are the 6 criteria of failure to function adequately

A
  • Suffering
  • Maladaptiveness
  • Vividness and Unconventionality
  • Unpredictability and loss of control
  • Irrationality and incomprehensability
  • Observer discomfort
    Violation of moral and ideal standards
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6
Q

What are some evaluations of deviation from social norms

A

+ Can help in the diagnosis of mental illnesses - e.g schizophrenia = has value in psychiatry

  • Culturally relative - One behaviour that is considered abnormal in one culture could be considered as normal in another culture meaning there are cultural biases.
  • Lacks temporal validity as Normas can change over time.
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7
Q

What are some evaluations of deviation from ideal mental health

A
  • According to the criteria, we are all considered abnormal to some degree, e.g everyone deals with stress differently = means it cannot define what is properly abnormal as everyone is different
  • looking for signs of health Is more physical than psychological meaning that the theory cannot understand complex psychological issues.
  • Criteria cannot be applied across cultures
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8
Q

What are some limitations of statistical infrequency

A
  • Just because very few people display a behaviour, it doesn’t mean that the behaviour is undesirable, e.g photographic memory.
  • Someone with abnormally low IQ may not be distressed about it - can lead to low self-esteem
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9
Q

What are some evaluations of Failure to function adequately

A
  • subjective interpretation -> What one person may consider discomforting, another may not. Means that abnormality cannot be reliably determined
  • Cultural relativism -> A behaviour considered normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another. Means the theory cannot be applied across cultures.

+ Considers patients perspective -> Takes into account the individuals suffering and what role this takes in their mental health.
Means that definition is able to accurately reflect the feeling of the individual.

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10
Q

What is a specific phobia and an example of it

A
  • Phobia of a specific object or situation
  • E.g Arachnophobia
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11
Q

What is agoraphobias

A
  • Phobia of being outside
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12
Q

What is Social anxiety

A

Phobia of social situations
- E.g public speaking

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13
Q

What are examples of Behavioural, Emotional and Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • Behavioural (Acting) = Panic, Avoidance
  • Emotional (Feeling) = Unreasonable response, Anxiety
  • Cognitive (Thinking) = Irrational beliefs, Selective attention, Cognitive Distortions
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14
Q

What is the two process model and who was it created by

A
  • Classical conditioning - Phobias are developed through association
  • Operant conditioning - Phobia maintained through negative reinforcement.
  • Created by Mowrer
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15
Q

What are some evaluations of the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

+ real world application in exposure therapies -> important in explaining why people with phobias benefit from being exposed to phobic stimulus’
+ Identifies a means of treating phobias
+ Evidence for a link between bad experiences and phobias
- Does not account for cognitive aspects of phobias
- does not completely explain the symptoms of phobias
- Not all phobias appear following a bad experience

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16
Q

What are the 2 therapies of treating phobias

A
  • Systematic desensitisation
  • Flooding
17
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A
  • Changing the fear response to one of relaxations
  • Gradually exposing the participant to object of their fear. -> Done by creating an anxiety hierarchy
18
Q

What is flooding

A
  • Participant is exposed to phobic stimulus rapidly, without a gradual build up
  • Without option of avoidance, client quickly learns that phobic stimulus,ulus is harmless.
19
Q

Give some evaluations of systematic desensitisation

A

+ Gilroy et al = when Patients with spider phobias were treated, they were less fearful after 3 months and 33 months than a control group who were taught relaxation
- More expensive that other therapies like flooding
- Less effective for treating phobias that have a genetic cause
+ Preferable to flooding as it is nicer to the participant

20
Q

Give some evaluations of flooding

A

+ Cost effective
- Less effective for some types of phobias, such as social phobias which have cognitive aspects
- Traumatic for patients

21
Q

Give some behavioural characteristics of depression

A
  • Reduced levels of activity
  • Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
  • Aggression and self-harm
22
Q

Give some emotional characteristics of depression

A
  • Lowered mood
  • Anger
  • Lowered self-esteem
23
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A
  • Poor concentration
  • Attending to + Dwelling on the negative
  • Absolutist thinking
24
Q

What is beck’s cognitive theory of depression

A
  • 3 process model
  • Faulty information processing = Focussing on the negative aspects of life
  • Negative self schemas = when someone has negative self views and blames themselves for a lot of things
  • Negative triad = Negative views about the world, Negative views about the future, Negative views about oneself
25
Q

What are the steps in Ellis’ ABC model

A
  • Activating event
  • Beliefs = Rational and irrational
  • Consequences = Desirable and undesirable
26
Q

Evaluate the Cognitive approach to explaining depression

A

+ Beck’s theory has supporting evidence = Grazoli and Terry, 65 pregnant women study for depression before and after birth
+ Beck & Ellis have led to practical applications -> Led to CBT
- Beck’s theory does not explain all aspects of depression -> Some patients experience hallucinations
- Ellis’ model is only a partial explanation of depression -> can’t explain depression if it hasn’t originated from an activating event

27
Q

What is CBT

A
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy, where a therapist challenges the clients irrational thoughts by addressing them and suggesting ways in which the client could tackle or prevent these
28
Q

Evaluate CBT

A
  • CBT does not work for all cases of depression -> Some very severe depression cannot be changed using CBT
    + Shown to be an effective treatment for depression = March et al. Group receiving CBT made same improvements as one receiving anti-depressants
  • Some people may want to explore their past -> CBT only focusses on the present and future -> Could lead to ignoring important facts
  • CBT overemphasises cognition -> CBT can overlook the current situation of the individual or environment and focus only on the cognitive aspects of the depression.
29
Q

What are some behavioural, Emotional and cognitive characteristics of OCD

A
  • Behavioural = Repetitive behaviours, Repeated hand washing, Keeping away from social situations, Compulsions to reduce anxiety
  • Emotional = Depressions, Powerful anxiety, Obsessive thoughts, urge to repeat behaviours, low mood + lack of enjoyments of activities.
  • Cognitive = Obsessive thoughts, fears of things that make them anxious, catastrophic thoughts of the worst case scenarios
30
Q

State the steps of the OCD cycle

A
  • Obsessions
  • Anxiety
  • Compulsions
  • Relief
31
Q

Explain the biological approach to explaining OCD

A
  • OCD may be inherited though genes or may be caused by other biological processes such as low levels of serotonin.
  • 10% of the people who have OCD in the UK are linked genetically
  • Twin studies show 87% concordance between MZ twins and 47% concordance between DZ twins
32
Q

Name some ways of treating OCD Biological

A
  • Drug therapy = Chemical treatments that influence biological functions in the body
  • Anti-depressants = Inhibits feelings of anxiety. taken for 3-4 months before they become effective
  • Serotonin = allows for re-uptake of serotonin in body
  • SSRI = selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors = Inhibits re-uptake of serotonin by keeping it in synaptic cleft for longer -> Influences post synaptic neutron
  • Psychosurgery = Alters communication between orbital frontal cortex and other parts of the brain.
33
Q

What is REBT

A
  • Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy
  • based on Ellis’ ABC model + DE
    D = Dispute –> Empirical, Logical
    E = Effect –> Emotional, Behavioural

Psychology (10 decks)

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