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SWRK 1001 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Historical foundations: from early settlement period to the mid 1970’s

A

Canada’s social welfare system -

  • policies and programs have been introduced and revised at different times
  • in response to various human needs and problems/ depending on public demand, political and economic climate and government priorities
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2
Q

Residual Approach

A

predominated early settlement years

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3
Q

Institutional approach

A

gained popularity in CAN after the effects of the great depression

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4
Q

1 The Early Phase (colonial times to confederation)

A
  • characterized by self sufficiency
  • minimal gov. involvement in peoples lives/well-being
  • asking for charity was discouraged
  • taking a residual approach
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5
Q

Social Welfare in New France

A

valued work and self sufficiency but// also welcomed various forms of support

Belief that gov. is responsible for its citizens–> funding education, health and other services (Quebec)

ETC

more at beginning of week ch.3 and 4 notes

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6
Q

QB city’s general hospital and the congregation of Notre Dame

A

offered skill training to settlers who had trouble finding/ creating work

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7
Q

French had little tolerance for…

A

begging

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8
Q

1674 France Passed…

A

A Royal Decree Prohibiting Begging by able bodied persons in Montreal

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9
Q

1676

A

Montreal banned vagrants and beggars from the city (UNLESS they had special permission from the priest)

If not.. then banished the vagrants and beggars

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10
Q

The British conquered New France in 1759

A

soon after the social welfare supports est. by the French government. disintegrated

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11
Q

The Quebec Act- Britain passed in 1774

A

Roman Catholic Church took role of provision of social welfare

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12
Q

The # of French Charities largely staffed by volunteers grew during the ____Century.

A

19th

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13
Q

The Protestant Work Ethic

A

View of poverty as a sign of a sinful life

“people must work in this world to be saved in the next”

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14
Q

Protestant Reformation in the 16th Century

A

Europe brought the belief that success at work/ profits and wealth/ was Gods Grace

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15
Q

Help from the British Protestants

A

followed with “how to regain gods grace”

with thrift, hard work, self help, and self discipline

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16
Q

The English Poor Laws

A

The British Parliamentary acts—> collectively called the English Poor Laws

Meant to deal with poverty in England but influenced how their people viewed the poor and treated them

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17
Q

The English poor laws were first passed in….

A

1601

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18
Q

Newbrunswick and Nova Scotia enacted poor laws in…

A

NB- 1786

NS- 1763

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19
Q

Newfoundland and PEI rejected gov. intervention for the poor including….

A

poor law legislation

urged people to depend on friends and family

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20
Q

Public Relief

A

was an early form of social assistance or welfare

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21
Q

outdoor relief

A

Cash and other direct assistance

sporadic and meagre

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22
Q

indoor relief

A

workhouses and poorhouses

workhouses= for able bodied, unemployed adults, people paid their keep through labor

poorhouses= for elderly, orphans

BUT// Only those facing starvation would seek help from either

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23
Q

Insane Asylums

A

orphanages for the care of immigrant mothers and children widowed from the voyage from Europe

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24
Q

Residual

A

benefits only in case of extreme emergency

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25
Q

18th century

A

fines for people failing to care for their own family members

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26
Q

1920 Mothers Allowance
1927 Old Age Pension
1944 Family allowances

A

caused large institutions for people to live in to dwindle

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27
Q

1867 BNA (British North America Act) passage

A

United New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Ontario and Quebec into the dominion of CAN

-divided legislative responsibilities between the fed. and reg. govs

Province responsibilities became: hospitals, asylums, charities and alms giving institutions

Giving Fed. gov a minor role in the health and welfare of CAN’s

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28
Q

2 THE TRANSITIONAL PHASE - confederation to WWII

A

characterized by CAN’s rapid changing social welfare needs

family based labor——> to an economy based on wage labor

MEN became primary $ earners, women and children became their dependents

Gov.s still defended residual approach

SHIFT towards a more helpful gov @ the end of this phase

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29
Q

Industrialization and its related problems developed:

A

an increase in social conciousness and a feeling of mutual responsibility for fellow human beings

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30
Q

Social Movements

A

related to: labor reform, child welfare and women’s rights

took root during this period

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31
Q

Social Reformers

A

(Activists) called attention to:
the inability of families, charities and local gov.s to meet the needs of modern industrial society

pressuring gov.s to take a more active role in social and economic lives of its citizens

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32
Q

During the TRANSITIONAL PHASE

A
  • a growing interest in social democracy developed
  • a right to minimum levels of health and well-being
  • & equitable access to services
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33
Q

The Labor Movement & Workers Compensation

A

Long hours for low pay

1870’s trade unions became a powerful political force

They drew attention to all the workplace accidents/ pressuring the gov. to change

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34
Q

Canada’s First Comprehensive and Compulsory Plan Was:

A

The Ontario’s Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1914

(CANADA’S FIRST SOCIAL INSURANCE PROGRAM)

Most advance piece of legislation of it’s time

THE ACT STARTED- a National Workers Compensation Movement

by 1920 every province except PEI had similar legislation

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35
Q

Improving condtitions for women and children…

A
  • as industrialization accelerated families became more economically insecure
  • if male breadwinner failed the female would have to pull the weight
  • divorce was becoming more common—> causing women to leave children to work

New problems that created social change

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36
Q

The Child Welfare Movement

A

gained momentum in the late 19th century

John Joseph Kelso —-> wrote report that lead to public outcry

LEADING TO…

the passage of the 1893 Act for the prevention of cruelty to/ and better protection of children

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37
Q

1893 Act for the prevention of cruelty to and better protection of children

A

considered the first comprehensive piece of legislation in North America to Protect children

promoted non-profit children’s aid societies in Ontario

and the placement of children in foster homes, rather than institutions

ALSO prompted other jurisdictions across Canada to introduce and enforce Child Welfare Legislation

38
Q

First Wave of Women’s rights movement

A

late 19th/ early 20th centuries

women’s rights movements focus:

improving social and economic conditions for women and children

39
Q

Women’s Church associations led to

A

the est. of TWCA & the women’s Christian Temperance Union

also argued for political and legal rights to vote and run for political office

40
Q

National Council of Women of Canada

A

Social change through pressuring the government

41
Q

1920s

A

Women groups and early feminists changing social causes

42
Q

The first world war (pension and allowance)

A

WWI reminded Canadian’s of the vulnerability of the family unit

Loss of fathers led to fatherless families
AND high infant mortality rate

43
Q

In response to after World War I problems…

A

Fed gov. est. a bunch of charities to aid CAN soldiers over seas and provide relief to soldiers families

Organized system of relief with 2 schemes of veterans pensions:

The soldier settlement (unemployed soldiers recieve settlement and land)
The employment service of Canada (helped veterans find job)

Financial compensation also available to families of lost soldiers

44
Q

response to soldiers WWI marks…

A

the change of direction of social policy

45
Q

1916 Gov. of Manitoba passed the first mothers allowance act in Canada

A

(a small but certain income)

Manitoba took lead for mothers allowance and other provinces followed

46
Q

NCWC The National Council of Women in Canada (1893)

A

improved female prisoners, factory workers, and immigrants in the 19th century
& helped promote female prison officers

47
Q

the NCWC was instrumental in the fed. govs enactment of…

A

the act to confer the electoral franchise upon women 1918

a legislation giving CAUCASIAN women the right to vote in fed. election

and many more achievements

48
Q

The Old Age pension act of 1927

A

est. pension as a right to all seniors

(THE FIRST FED. long term commitment to social welfare)

at the time you had to be 70+ and a means test had to be conducted

49
Q

the U.S. stockmarket crash of 1929 and Europes slow post war economic recovery HURT Canada

A

Unemployment rates went from 3% in 1927- 27% in 1933

high unemployment rates created a # of social and health problems

50
Q

By the time the depression ended in 1939

A

almost 1/3 of Canadians were too poor to buy enough nutricous groceries

NO UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE YET

51
Q

Many provinces assigned municipalities to provide some form of relief to the poor and unemployed

Two services were available…

A

Direct Relief - cash, vouchers, food, fuel, clothing

Indirect Relief - provided through gov. funded work projects intended to get the unemployed back to work

52
Q

the # of Canadians dependent on support continued to grow..

A

1.5 M 1933
2M 1934

& gov. struggled with financial strain of relief programs and tension arised among the unemployed

—–> protests against the gov. arised

53
Q

Worker Camps comparable to…

A

19th century work houses

54
Q

The on to Ottawa trek of 1935

A

possibly the largest and most famous protest of the depression

about 4000 men from work camps boarded trains to head to ottawa to protest unemployment, poor wages, and unacceptable conditions in the work camps

55
Q

1929-1939 depression years

A

men found employment by work camps in BC

April 19/ sick of laboring 6 days a week for 20 cents a day

went on strike for 2 months

56
Q

In a federal election liberals defeated the conservatives &

A

abolished the work camps

57
Q

Unemployment Insurance

A

provinces are responsible for public relief with the fed. gov sharing costs during the great depression

58
Q

By the time cost sharing ended in 1941 the fed gov had paid

A

40% of the costs in total for public relief

59
Q

By the end of the depression

A

Unemployment rates were so high you could no longer blame unemployment on a persons character

(great pressure for gov.s to provide for citizens)

60
Q

1940 Unemployment Insurance Act Passed

A

during the plans first year almost 4.6 million people benefited from EI

61
Q 
#3 THE INTERVENTIONIST PHASE
(WWII -mid 1970's)
A

era of strong economic growth
high employment
and rising gov. revenues

allowing gov.s to financially provide social well being private charities previously provided

during this era CAN est. a range of Universal, Social, and Healthcare Programs
This shift from residual to more of an institutional approach est. gov. as the predominant force of social welfare

62
Q

The Marsh Report on Social Security 1943

A

end of WWII marked economic turning point for CAN

INFLUENCED BY great britains famous Beveridge Report 1942

“report on social security for CAN”

emphasized need for national health insurance and childrens allowance

63
Q

Economic and Social risks are apart of a modern industrial life and gov. can minimize risks through public benefit

A

MARSH believed in 3 programs

#1) Children's allowances
#2) national health insurance
#3) a contributory old age pension plan

(how to achieve a social minimum)

64
Q

Historian “Michael Bliss” 1975

A

“hailed the marsh report as the most important single document in the history of social development in CAN”

(welfare state development)

65
Q

Marsh Report was…

A

a structural framework for many of CAN’s future health and social welfare programs

BUT// was never tabled in the house of commons

66
Q

Family Allowances Act 1944

A

federally administered allowance

CANADAS first universal social welfare program

cost 250 million

67
Q

The old age pension act 1927

A

criticized for:
stigma
means testing
and inadequit benefits

68
Q

in 1951 the old age pension act was replaced with 2 new pension plans…

A 
#1) old age security (universal benefits fully funded by gov.)
#2) old age assistance (a means tested scheme that was cost shared by prov. fed. gov and administered by the provinces
69
Q

1965 the Canadian Pension Plan CPP and the Quebec pension plan were introduced

A

providing first line of defense for paid workers and their families who suffered a loss of income from: retirement, death, disability

required all workers 18-70 to contribute

FIRST income security program subject to indexation
(benefits increase automatically as cost of living increases)

70
Q

Canada’s Assistance Plan 1996

A

to prevent people from falling through cracks in the system CAP was developed

Under CAP fed. gov paid HALF costs for provinces and territories to design and administer their own social welfare programs

71
Q

Under CAP is a wide range of Social Services:

A
  • protection services for children
  • rehabilitation for people with disabilities
  • home support for seniors
  • employment programs

to reduce or eradicate problems from poverty, child neglect, dependence on welfare

72
Q

CAP instrumental in…

A

designing Canada’s social safety net & insurance of minimum standards of living for everyone

73
Q

Several events during 1990’s motivated PM Lester B person to introduce a plan to eliminate poverty in Canada

A
  • an increased awareness of poverty
  • the USA’s declaration of the war on poverty
  • the development of new methods for measuring poverty

PM’s announcement paved the way for several studies on poverty

one study concluded poverty is real and millions of people live in it

74
Q

1968 The senate comittee on poverty was appointed to…

A

look at poverty in CAN and recommend changes

Two major concerns arose-
#1) # of people (children) growing up in poverty
#2) the 2 million working poor

poverty declared as a growing social problem/ provided insight into the causes of poverty and suggested a social minimum

75
Q

GAI Guaranteed Annual Income

A

Nationwide plan never materialized

several provinces implemented versions of this for seniors already receiving old age security and guaranteed income supplement

76
Q

1974 ON introduced GAINS the guaranteed Annual Income Support System

A

ensured basic income for those 65+ who’s annual income fell below a certain threshhold

77
Q

The Women’s Movement “the personal is political” - 2 primary objectives:

A

To achieve social justice for all women

To break down est. patriarichal power structures that oppress and controlled women

(effective in influencing policy)

78
Q

RCSW The Royal Commission on the Status of Women

A

federally appointed in 1967

ONE OF the driving forces behind the Canada’s Women Movement

issued an agenda and strategies to solve problems for women

led to the est. of several groups devoted to improving women’s conditions in Canada
Including the Canadian Advisory council on the status of women

79
Q

Early 1970’s

A

social activism found its way into provincial politics

Canadas growing economy encouraged social programs
particularly those designed to reduce poverty

80
Q

The income security review of 1970

A

fed. gov. est. income security for Canadian’s

abolishing universal programs and focusing on funding those who need it (family allowances/ old age security)

this proposal drew mixed reactions in the house of commons and was decided to postpone

81
Q

The social security review 1973-1976

A

PM Trudeau launched a fed/prov/territorial review on Canada’s social welfare system

a few months later report was issued “working paper on social security in Canada” outlined areas to consider

during this time labor was switching to machines leaving lots of people out of work and the economic decline strained gov. revenue

82
Q

By the end of 1975

A

govs cut back/ cancelled in attempt to control public spending

83
Q

Social Security review paved the way for…

A

income security programs at the provincial and federal levels: including
Saskatechewans income plan 1974
The federal refundable child tax credit 1978
Manitobas income support program 1980

This review also prompted fed. gov. to triple the family allowance benefits

84
Q

mid 1970s was the…

A

PEAK of social welfare development

creating a more equitable nation

85
Q

Social Welfare in the globalization era 1945 (end of WWII) to early 1970 (the golden era of capitalism)

A

during this time period most CAN’s had well paying jobs and many workers belonged to unions which pushed for job security and workplace benefits

gov.s also took responsibility for ppl who could not meet their needs

AND Canadian’s generally supported income redistribution

86
Q

John Maynard Keynes 1883- 1946

A

believed in giving money to people through income support security programs, tax breaks, and other gov. initiatives

encouraged spending –> in turn stimulating the economy

BELIEVED IN a progressive tax system

87
Q

Canadas Economy began to slow in the early 1970’s

A

the economy worsened

unemployment and interest rates worsened

gov. revenues and household incomes on downward slide as a result

Countries began yearly budget defecits( soending above their income)

deficits accumulated creating a huge public debt

88
Q

Decline was not temporary….

A

was apart of a new globalization era and a shift from industrialization to post industrialization

89
Q

Globalization era of capitalism began in…

A

mid 1970s and is continuing today

supporting neoliberalist views

90
Q

Neoliberalism is a rejection of…

A

Monetarism

91
Q

Neoliberals believe that…

A

monetarism can solve the economic problems by a public debt relief and restore the economy

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