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IDC Stuff > Introductory Chemistry > Flashcards

Introductory Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Define chemistry

A

the science of the structure and interactions of matter

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2
Q

Define matter

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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3
Q

Define mass

A

the amount of matter in any living organism or nonliving thing

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4
Q

Define chemical elements

A

substances that cannot be broken down into simpler form by ordinary chemical means

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5
Q

Currently scientist recognize how many different elements

A

118

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6
Q

each element is designated by what

A

chemical symbol

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7
Q

what is the chemical symbol for

  • Hydrogen
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Iron
  • Calcium
A
  • Hydrogen - H
  • Carbon - C
  • Oxygen - O
  • Nitrogen - N
  • Potassium - K
  • Sodium - Na
  • Iron - Fe
  • Calcium - Ca
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8
Q

How many different elements are normally present in the body

A

26

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9
Q

Just four major elements constitute about how much of the body’s mass

A

96%

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10
Q

The four major elements found in the body are

A

Oxygen
Carbon
hydrogen
Nitrogen

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11
Q

Eight Lesser elements constitute about how much of the body’s mass

A

3.6%

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12
Q

There are 14 elements called trace elements that are present in the human body that together they account for how much of the body’s mass

A

0.4%

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13
Q

Each element is made up of what

A

atoms (Smallest unit of matter)

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14
Q

An element consists of who basic parts, what are they

A

Nucleus and one or more electrons

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15
Q

Example of a trace element is?

Used to make what?

A

Iodine

Thyroid hormones

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16
Q

a centrally located nucleus contains what

A

A positively charged protons and an uncharged neutron

Making the nucleus positively charged

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17
Q

what are electrons

A

tiny negatively charged particles that move about in a large space surrounding the nucleus

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18
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of atom is called

A

the Atomic number

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19
Q

the total number of protons plus neutrons in an atoms is referred to as

A

mass number

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20
Q

electrons move about with a certain region, the region in called

A

electron shell

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21
Q

If an atom either gives up or gains electrons, it becomes an

A

Ion

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22
Q

An ion has a equal number or unequal number of protons

A

unequal

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23
Q

atoms that share an electron are called

???????

A

a molecule

can be same or different elements

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24
Q

a substance containing atoms of two or more different elements is called

A

compound

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25
Q

an ion that has an unpaired electron in its outermost shell is called

A

Free Radical

an example is superoxide

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26
Q

the forces that bind the atoms of molecules and compound together, resisting their separation is called

A

Chemical bond

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27
Q

the outermost shell of an atom is called a

A

valence shell

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28
Q

the force if attraction between ions of opposite charges is called

A

ionic bond

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29
Q

are cation are negative or positive

A

Positive

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30
Q

are anion are negative or positive

A

negative

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31
Q

an ionic compound that breaks apart into cations anions when dissolved is called

A

Electrolyte

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32
Q

when atoms form a molecule by sharing one, two, or three pairs of their otter shells electrons they are called

A

covalent bond

33
Q

the greater number of electrons pairs shared does the bond get stronger or weaker

A

Stronger

34
Q

in the body ionic bonds are mainly found in

A

teeth and bones

35
Q

electrolytes play a roll in

A
  • controlling water movement
  • maintain acid base balance
  • producing nerve impulses
36
Q

what is the most common chemical bond in the body

A

covalent bonds

37
Q

in some covalent bonds, atoms share the electrons equally, one atom does not attract the shared electron more strongly than the other , this is referred to as

A

nonpolar covalent bond

38
Q

in a covalent bond that the sharing of electrons is unequal is called

A

polar covalent bond

39
Q

when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of a neighboring electronegative atom (usually oxygen or nitrogen) it forms what kind of bond

A

hydrogen bond

40
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity to do work

41
Q

what are the two forms of energy

A

potential energy

kinetic energy

42
Q

stored energy is

A

potential energy

43
Q

energy in motion is

A

kinetic energy

44
Q

chemical energy is a form of

A

potential energy

45
Q

where is chemical energy stored

A

between the bonds of molecules

46
Q

describe the process of chemical reactions

A

break of old bonds requires an input of energy and forming new bonds release energy

47
Q

when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new longer molecules the process is called

A

synthesis reaction

48
Q

the word synthesis means

A

to put together

49
Q

all the synthesis reactions in the body are referred to as

A

anabolism

50
Q

when a molecule is split apart it is referred to as

A

decomposition

51
Q

AB molecules break down into

A

A + B

52
Q

decomposition reactions that occur in the body are collectively referred to as

give an example

A

catabolism

an example is, the breakdown of large starch molecules into many small glucose molecules during digestion

53
Q

in general, energy-releasing reactions that occur as nutrients, such a glucose, are broken down via decomposition reactions. Some of the energy released is temporary stored in special molecules called

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

54
Q

a reaction that consist of both synthesis and decomposition reaction

A

exchange reactions

AB + CD = AD + CB

55
Q

a chemical reaction that can go in either direction under different condition and are indicated by two half arrows pointing in opposite direction

A

reversible reactions

56
Q

all the chemical reactions in the body is called

A

metabolism

57
Q

chemical in the body can be divided into two main classes of the compounds what are they

A

inorganic and organic

58
Q

what are Characteristics of inorganic compounds

A

lack carbon sometimes
simple
held together by ionic or covalent bond

59
Q

inorganic acids, bases, and salts dissociate (break apart) into into ions in what solution

A

water

60
Q

what are Characteristics of organic compounds

A

always contains carbon
usually contains hydrogen
always has covalent bond

61
Q

water makes up what percentage of body mass in lean adults

A

55 to 60 percent

62
Q

a acid dissociates (breaks apart) into

A

hydrogen

63
Q

a base dissociates (breaks apart) into

A

hydroxide ions

64
Q

a salt dissociates into

A

cation and an anion

neither hydrogen positive or hydroxide negative

65
Q

examples of organic compounds are

A

carbohydrates: include sugars, glycogen, and starches and most common source of energy

66
Q

what are lipids

A

group of compounds that include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, fatty acids, and fat soluble solutions

67
Q

what are protines

A

gives structures to the body, regulate enzyme process,, provide protection and help to contract muscles.

68
Q

what is the principle energy- storing molecule in the body

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

69
Q

water is involved in what process

A

digestion, elimination of waste, circulation, and regulation of body temp

70
Q

the more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more

A

Acidic

71
Q

the more hydroxide ions (OH-) the more

A

basic

72
Q

the pH scale extends from

A

0 to 14

73
Q

what is the midpoint of the pH scale

A

7

74
Q

a solution with pH of 7 is

A

neutral

75
Q

a change of a whole number on the pH scale represents

A

a 10-fold change

76
Q

homeostatic mechanisms maintain the pH of blood between

A

7.35 and 7.45

77
Q

how do buffer systems work

A

prevent rapid , drastic changes in the pH of body fluids by converting strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases.

78
Q

what is a an example of a buffer system

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

IDC Stuff (67 decks)

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