Topic 6

Question 1

list all the joints in the leg, ankle and foot joint

Answer 1

tibiofibula joint 
talocrural joint 
subtalar joint
talocalcaneonavicular joint 
calcaneoboid joint 
tarsometatarsal joint 
metatarsophalangeal joints 
interphalangeal joint

Question 2

superior tibiofibular joint

Answer 2

synovial, multiaxial, plane

small range of glides in each of the major planes.

the synovial superior tibiofibularjoint allows these movements of the talo-crural joint to be
be accommodated

Question 3

intermediate tibiofibular joint

Answer 3

fibrous (syndesmosis)
interosseous membrane
long fibers - very small movement

Question 4

inferior tibiofibular joint

Answer 4

fibrous (syndesmosis)
short fibers - very small movement

anterior and posterior @ tibiofibular ligament –
parallel to one another i.e.
fibres run downward and
laterally to stabilise the joint.

Question 5

talocrural joint

Answer 5

ankle joint

synovial, uniaxial, hinge

the movements that occur at the talocrural joint are dorsiflexion 30 degrees and plantarflexion 50 degrees.
these movements occur along the sagittal plane and around the transverse axis.

articular surfaces are inferior surface of the tibia and inferior medial surface of the fibula (female) as well as the superior surface of the talus (male).

the tibiotalar surface is weightbearing but lateral and medial facets are not.

in dorsi flexion the ankle is more stable.

the joint capsule attaches to the articular margins of the bones involved, more extensive anteriorly where it extends to the neck of the talus. collateral ligaments provide ligaments medial and lateral reinforcements to the capsule.

Question 6

subtalar joint

Answer 6

(underneath talus)
articular surfaces are the inferior side of the talus (facet) and superior surface of the calcaneus (facet).

synovial, plane, multiaxial

eversion and inversion (IPADS).

Question 7

talocancaneonavicular joint

Answer 7

synovial, multiaxial ball and socket joint

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (sprint ligament).

articular surfaces are the talus, calcaneus and navicular.

Question 8

cancanocuboid joint

Answer 8

synovial, multiaxial, plane

articular surfaces are calcaneus and posterior facet of the cuboid bone.

no female and male surface.

Question 9

tarsometatarsal joint

Answer 9

synovial, multiaxial, plane

plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
some AB and rotation at the first joint

articular surfaces
1st metatarsal with medial cuneiform

2nd metatarsal with intermediate cuneiform, as well as medial and lateral cuneiform.

3rd metatarsal with lateral cuneiform

4th metatarsal with lateral cuneiform and cuboid

5th metatarsal with cuboid.

Question 10

metatarsophalangeal joints

Answer 10

synovial, biaxial, condyloid

movements are flexion and extension and AD and AB

articular surfaces are head of the metatarsal and base of adjacent phalanx.

Question 11

interphalangeal joints

Answer 11

synovial, multiaxial, hinge joints

movements - flexion and extension.

proximal, middle and distal joints.

Question 12

ligaments of tibiofibular joint

Answer 12

anterior and posterior tibiofibular joint are parallel to one another and run downward and laterally.

movements of the ankle result in shifts in position of the fibula which moves upwards and rotates when ankle is in dorsiflexion. the superior tibiofibular joint allows these movements to occur.

Question 13

ligaments of the talocrural joint

Answer 13

medial collateral ligament complex (deltoid)

superficial parts together prevent AB of this joint.

• tibionavicular
• tibiocalcaneal

deep parts

• anterior tibiotalar - limit plantarflexion
• posterior tibiotalar - limit dorsiflexion

lateral collateral ligament ligament complex
- anterior talofibular - limits plantarflexion and prevents posterior slide of tibia and fibula on talus.

• posterior talofibular - limits dorsiflexion and prevents anterior slide of the tibia and fibula on the talus.
• calcaneofibular - limits dorsiflexion and prevents adduction of ankle.

Question 14

ligaments of the subtalar

Answer 14

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament

• two bands both anterior to the joint run almost vertically in the space between talus and calcaneus.
• calcaneus parts of the ligament also crosses the joint.
• helps control eversion and inversion, maintains talus over calcaneus.

Question 15

ligaments of the talocaneonavicular joint

Answer 15

spring ligament

• makes up socket of ball and socket joint,
• attaches to sustentaculum tali and medial-posterior side of navicular.
• maintains arch of foot and acts as a static restraint for medial arch.

birfurcate ligament (medial part only). 
-

Question 16

ligaments of calcaneocuboid

Answer 16

plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short)
- anterior calcaneal tubercle to the plantar surface of cuboid

long calcaneocuboid ligament

• sits of other lig.
• anterior part of calcaneal tuberosity to the base of the 4 lateral metatarsals.
• also attaches to cuboid slightly.

both ligaments support lateral longitudinal weightbearing of arch.

bifurcate ligament on lateral side maintains dorsal part of foot, limits plantarflexion and inversion.

Question 17

ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joint

Answer 17

dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament
- limits plantarflexion

plantar tarsometatarsal ligament
- limits dorsiflexion

cuneometatarsal interosseous ligaments

• 3 parts
• stabilize the tarsometatarsal joint complex
• medial part known as Lis franc ligament.

Question 18

ligaments of metatarsphalangeal joints

Answer 18

collateral ligaments

• limit plantarflexion
• prevent AB and AD in plantarflexion

plantar ligaments

• forms part of the articular surface
• limits dorsiflexion

deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
- keeps metatarsal heads together, particularly important in weightbearing.

Question 19

ligaments of interphalangeal joints

Answer 19

collateral ligaments - limit dorsiflexion

plantar ligaments - limit dorsiflexion

Question 20

what bones make up the lateral, medial and transverse arch

Answer 20

lateral - calcaneus, talus, cuboid (keystone), metatarsals 4,5.

medial - calcaneus, talus (keystone), navicular, cuneiforms, metatarsals 1,2,3.

transverse - proximal end (metatarsal bases, cuboid, cuneiforms) and distal end (metatarsal heads).

Question 21

what are the functions of the foot

Answer 21

weightbearing (balance)
propulsion 
shock absorption 
feet can be used as hands if needed
proprioception

Question 22

what is the functional significance of the movements of eversion and inversion - role in rigid and flexible.

Answer 22

the significance of these movements is that they allow the foot to be converted from flexible to rigid. we want it to be be rigid during propulsion and flexible during initial contact.

a flexible foot keeps the foot on the ground even if the surface is not level.

a flexible foot aids change of direction.

Question 23

what are the functions of the foot arches

Answer 23

absorb weight forces and shock
efficient weightbearing - weight bearing areas of the foot are the forefoot and hindfoot.
adds to ability to adapt to ground surfaces changes
efficient propulsion - elastic recoil of arch when lifted off.

Question 24

what are the movements at the tibiofibular joints during plantar and dorsi flexion of the ankle

Answer 24

moves upward and rotates when
ankle in dorsiflexion – very small
range of movements

plantarflexion - inferior gliding of the fibula at both tibiofibular joints, as well as narrowing the interval between the tibia and fibula at the inferior tibiofibular joint.