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Anatomy Year 1 Medicine > CVS > Flashcards

CVS Flashcards

1
Q

Vaugly, what does the mediastinum contain?

A

Contents of the thorax other than the lungs and their covering pleurae

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2
Q

What are the sections of the mediastinum?

A

Superior

Inferior (further divided)

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3
Q

What is the inferior mediastinum further divided into?

A

Anterior

Middle

Posterior

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4
Q

What bone forms the anterior border of the mediastinum?

A

Manubrium

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5
Q

What vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

A

T1 - T4

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6
Q

What plane seperates the superior from the inferior mediastinum?

A

Transverse

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7
Q

What are some structures found in the superior mediastinum?

A

Arteries (aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery)

Veins (brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava)

Nerves (vagus nerve, phrenic nerve)

Trachea

Oesophagus

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8
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the thymus found?

A

Anterior

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9
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the heart, pericardium and great vessels found?

A

middle

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10
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the descending aorta found?

A

Posterior

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11
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the oesophagus found?

A

Posterior

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12
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the thoracic duct found?

A

Posterior

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13
Q

Where in the mediasinum is the azygos vein found?

A

Posterior

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14
Q

Where in the mediastinum is the sympathetic chain found?

A

Posterior

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15
Q

What is the difference between the pericardium, and the pleura and the peritoneum?

A

Pericardium has an outermost dense fibrous connective tissue layer - the fibrous pericardium

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16
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

Visceral layer

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17
Q

What are the 3 layers of the pericardium from superficial to deep?

A

Fibrious pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

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18
Q

Between what 2 layers of the pericardium does the pericardial cavity lie?

A

Parietal layer and visceral layer

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19
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Simple square endothelium

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20
Q

What is the endocardium composed of?

A

Simple square endothelium

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21
Q

What is the myocardium composed of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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22
Q

What is the epicardium composed of?

A

Simple square epithelium

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23
Q

What layer belongs both to the heart wall and the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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24
Q

Which layer of the serous pericardium is inseperably attached to the inner aspect of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal

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25
Q

What protective role is furfilled by the fibrous pericardium?

A

prevents overfilling

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26
Q

Explain the innervation of the pericardium?

A

Visceral pericardium - autonomic from T-T4 and vagus nerve via the cardiac plexus

Parietal and fibrous pericardium - phrenic nerve

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27
Q

What part of the pericardium does the vagus nerve and T1-T4 nerves innervate?

A

Visceral pericardium

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28
Q

What part of the pericardium does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

Parietal and fibrous pericardium

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29
Q

Which layer of the pericardium is innervated by pain fibres?

A

Fibrous and parietal pericardium

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30
Q

What role do the atria have in a heart?

A

Direct blood to the atrial ventricular gap

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31
Q

What organ is the left atrium anterior to?

A

Oesophagus

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32
Q

What is the shape of the heart?

A

Pyramidal

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33
Q

What chamber of the heart forms the apex?

A

Left ventricle

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34
Q

What chamber of the heart forms the base?

A

Left atrium

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35
Q

What is the fossa ovalis a remnant of?

A

Foramen ovale in the foetus

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36
Q

The fossa ovalis is a remnant of the foramen ovale in the foetus, what function did this have?

A

Shunt the blood from the right atrium to the left to pass the lungs

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37
Q

What is the function of the moderator band? (septomarginal trabecula)

A

Strengthen and prevent overballooning

Carries primary conductor band with right bundle of his (goes across chamber to cut conduction time)

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38
Q

Is the right ventricle wall or left thicker?

A

The left is thicker by 3x

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39
Q

Why is the left ventricle wall 3x thicker than the right?

A

It has to pump blood to the systemic circulation, not just the pulmonary

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40
Q

How many cusps make up the tricuspid valve?

A

3

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41
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle?

A

3

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42
Q

What valve guards entry from the left atrium into the left ventricle?

A

Mitral

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43
Q

How many cusps are present in the mitral valve?

A

2

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44
Q

How many papillary muscles are found in the left ventricle?

A

2

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45
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

Stop valve failure

Produce tension

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46
Q

What is the function of the chordae tendineae?

A

Stop valve failure

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47
Q

What supplies the heart wall with blood?

A

Left and right coronary arteries and their anastomosing branches

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48
Q

How is blood drained from the heart wall?

A

Cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus

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49
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

Wide venous channel on the posterior surface of the heart

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50
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

Right atrium

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51
Q

Where do the coronary arteries and cardiac veins lie?

A

Together in both the atrioventricular sulcus adn the interventricular sulci of the heart wall

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52
Q

What does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

Left anterior descending artery

Circumflex artery

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53
Q

From which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

A

Ascending aorta

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54
Q

What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the coronary sulcus?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

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55
Q

What pair of coronary arteries anastomose in the interventricular sulcus?

A

Left anterior descending and posterior interventricular artery

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56
Q

What does the right coronary artery branch into?

A

Right marginal artery

Right posterior descending artery

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57
Q

What does the circumflex artery branch into?

A

Left marginal artery

Circumflex artery (continues)

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58
Q

Where are the coronary arteries initially distributed?

A

Embedded within the epicardium, then piercing the myocardium and giving off branches that surround each cardiac muscle cell

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59
Q

What are the origins in the ascending aorta for the coronary arteries called?

A

Right and left aortic sinuses

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60
Q

What does the anterior interventricular artery supply blood to?

A

Interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

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61
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply blood to?

A

Left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

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62
Q

What does the right marginal artery supply blood to?

A

Lateral right side of heart (including right atrium)

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63
Q

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply blood to?

A

Posterior right ventricle walls

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64
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the left anterior descending artery in the anterior interventricular groove

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65
Q

here does the middle cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the posterior descending artery in the posterior interventricular groove

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66
Q

Where does the small cardiac vein lie?

A

Alongside the right marginal artery near the righ inferior margin of the heart

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67
Q

Where does the coronary sinus lie?

A

Alongside the circumflex artery in the coronary sulcus on the posterior surface of the heart

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68
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain directly into?

A

Right atrium

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69
Q

What are venae cordis minimae?

A

Small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

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70
Q

What are small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart called?

A

Venae cordis minimae

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71
Q

What vertebrae level does the beginning and termination of the aortic arch occur?

A

T4

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72
Q

What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occur?

A

L4

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73
Q

What vertebrae level does the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries occur?

A

L5

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74
Q

What branches occur from the ascending aorta?

A

Right coronary artery

Left coronary artery

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75
Q

What branches occur from the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

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76
Q

What branches from the descending thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries (only identifiable ones on wet specimen)

Bronchial arteries

Oesophageal arteries

Pericardial arteries

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77
Q

How do the arteries, veins and nerves supplying the chest wall occur?

A

Segmentally for each intercostal space being supplied in the form of a neurovascular bundle running anteriorly along the space

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78
Q

Where do the vessels of the neurovascular bundle arise from, or drain to?

A

Larger vessels that run vertically along the anterior and posterior chest wall

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79
Q

What chest wall arteries arise from the descending thoracic aorta?

A

Posterior intercostal arteries

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80
Q

What chest wall arteries arise from internal thoracic (mammary) artery?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

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81
Q

What artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery?

A

Subclavian arteries

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82
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery lie?

A

Parasternally, being accompanied by the internal thoracic veins

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83
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal veins drain to?

A

Internal thoracic veins

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84
Q

What do the branches of the internal thoracic arteries supply?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries

Fibrous pericardium

Parietal pleura

Diaphragm

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85
Q

What do the arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta supply?

A

Diaphragm

Adrenals

Kidneys

Gonads

Gut tube

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86
Q

At what vertebral level do the common iliac arteries arise?

A

L4

87
Q

At what vertebral levels do the external iliac arteries arise?

A

L5

88
Q

At what vertebral level do the internal iliac arteries arise?

A

L5

89
Q

What do the iliac arteries lie in?

A

Iliac fossae

90
Q

What does the external iliac arteries go onto become?

A

Femoral artery

91
Q

What are the common iliac arteries the terminal branches of?

A

Descending aorta

92
Q

What are the external iliac arteries the terminal branches of?

A

Common iliac arteries

93
Q

What does the internal iliac arteries supply?

A

Pelvic viscera

94
Q

What are the internal iliac arteries the terminal branch of?

A

Common iliac arteries

95
Q

Arteries have branches, what do veins have?

A

Tributaries

96
Q

What are the great arteries leaving the heart?

A

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

97
Q

What are the great veins entering the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

98
Q

Where does the superior vena cava (SVC) drain blood from?

A

Hear

Neck

Upper limbs

99
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava (IVC) drain blood from?

A

Abdominal and pelvic cavities

Lower limbs

100
Q

What drains the intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins?

A

Internal thoracic (mammary) vein

101
Q

Where does the internal thoracic (mammary) vein drain from and to?

A

Drains the anterior intercostal veins to the left and right brachiocephalic veins

102
Q

What are the tributaries of the superior vena cava?

A

Left and right brachiocephalic veins

Azygos vein

103
Q

What are tributaries of the inferior vena cava?

A

Left and right common iliac veins

104
Q

What drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava?

A

Azygos venous system

105
Q

Where does the azygos venous system drain blood from and to?

A

Drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the superior vena cava

106
Q

What does drainage of the posterior chest wall consist of?

A

Azygos veinous system on the right side

Hemiazygos veinous system on the left side

107
Q

Where does the hemoazygos vein drain into?

A

Azygos vein by crossing from left to right at T8/T9

108
Q

Where does the hemiazygos vein cross the median line from left to right?

A

T8/T9

109
Q

Into which vein does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Superior vena cava

110
Q

Which chest wall veins are drained by the azygos and hemiazygos venous systems?

A

Posterior intercostal veins

111
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain into?

A

Right subclavian vein

112
Q

At what bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of 1st rib

113
Q

In which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery?

A

Antecubital fossa

114
Q

Of the radial and ulnar arteries, which is more superficial of the two?

A

Radial artery

115
Q

What artery is the femoral artery a distal continuation of?

A

External iliac artery

116
Q

Where does the poplital artery branch into the anterior and posterior tibial artery?

A

Poplital fossa

117
Q

What is the complete branching of the common iliac artery?

A

Common iliac - external iliac (internal iliac) - superficial femoral (deep femoral) - popliteal - anterior tibial (posterior tibial) - dorsalis pedis

118
Q

What is the complete branching of the subclavian artery?

A

Subclavian - axillary - brachial - radial and ulnar

119
Q

The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of what artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

120
Q

Where does the dorsalis pedis artery lie?

A

On the dorsum of the foot

121
Q

The posterior tibial artery enters the sole of the foot inferior to which malleolus of the ankle?

A

Both left and right

122
Q

What are the main pulse points of the body?

A

Carotid artery

Apex beat

Brachial artery

Abdominal aorta

Radial artery

Femoral artery

Poplital artery

Posterior tibial artery

Dorsalis pedis artery

123
Q

What are important superficial veins of the upper limbs?

A

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

Median cubital veins

124
Q

Where do deep veins of the upper limbs lie and what names do they have?

A

Alongisde their corresponding artery and take the same name

125
Q

Where do the deep veins of the lower limbs lie and how are they named?

A

Alongside corresponding arteries and have the same names

126
Q

Where do the superficial veins of the lower limbs drain into?

A

Deep veins

127
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limbs?

A

Great saphenous vein

Small saphenous vein

128
Q

What are some deep veins of the lower limbs?

A

Femoral vein

Popliteal vein

Posterior tibial vein

129
Q

Into which deep vein does the great saphenous vein drain into?

A

Femoral vein

130
Q

Into which deep vein does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

Popliteal vein

131
Q

What happens when veins become varicose?

A

Leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly so the valves do not work, allowing blood to flow backwards

132
Q

What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic duct

Right lymphatic duct

133
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

A

3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein

134
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

A

Right upper quadrant (1/4th) to the medial end of the right subclavian vein

135
Q

Whre is the thoracic duct located?

A

On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein adn the descending thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

136
Q

What does the thoracic duct commence as?

A

Cisterna chyli

137
Q

What vertebral level does the thoracic duct commence at?

A

L1 as the cisterna chyli

138
Q

What vertebral level does the thoracic duct cross the medial line from right to left?

A

T4

139
Q

Where does the thoacic duct drain into?

A

Medial end of the left subclavian vein

140
Q

What nodes are for lymphatic drainage of the chest wall?

A

Parasternal nodes

Phrenic nodes

Intercostal nodes

141
Q

Where are parasternal nodes found?

A

Situated along the internal thoracic artery

142
Q

Where do the parasternal nodes recieve lymphatic drainage from?

A

Medial part of the breast

Intercostal spaces

Costal pleura

Diaphragm

143
Q

Where are the phrenic nodes found?

A

Situated on the thoracic surface of the diaphragm

144
Q

Where do the phrenic nodes recieve lymphatics from?

A

Pericardium

Diaphragm

Liver

145
Q

What do the phrenic nodes drain into?

A

Parastenal nodes

146
Q

Where are the intercostal nodes found?

A

At the verebral end of the intercostal spaces

147
Q

Where does lymph from the heart drain into?

A

Right inferior tracheobronchial nodes

Mediastinal (bronchopulmonary and paratracheal lymph nodes)

148
Q

How is autonomic innervation directed to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

Cariac/cadiopulmonary plexus

149
Q

What spinal levels give sympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

T1-T4

150
Q

What gives parasympathetic innervation to the heart and coronary arteries?

A

Vagas nerve

151
Q

What do motor fibres innervate within the heart wall?

A

Nodes (SA and AV nodes) to generate electrical impulses

152
Q

What are the nodes that nerves innervate within the heart wall known as?

A

Purkinje cells

153
Q

What are the branches of Purkinje cells called?

A

Purkinje fibres

154
Q

What do parasympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?

A

SA and AV node

155
Q

What do sympathetic fibres within the heart wall act on?

A

SA and AV node

Cardiac muscle

156
Q

How does sensory and pain information travel back from the heart?

A

Spinal cord levels T1-T4 in the sympathetic nerves

157
Q

Where does the SA node lie within the heart?

A

Near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

158
Q

What does SA, for SA node, stand for?

A

Sinu-atrial node

159
Q

Where does the AV node lie within the heart?

A

Inferior part of the interatrial septum

160
Q

What does AV, for AV node, stand for?

A

Atrioventricular node

161
Q

Where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie within the heart?

A

Within each side of the interventricular septum

162
Q

Why is pain from cardiac ischaemia sometimes felt in the left arm?

A

The pain travels back by T1-T4 spinal nerves, T1 also supplies the upper limbs

163
Q

What is knowledge of the surface anatomy of the heart essential for?

A

Diagnosis of cardiac enlargement

Location of the heart valves

Auscultation of the heart sounds

164
Q

What are the different borders of the heart?

A

Superior border

Inferior border

Right border

Left border

165
Q

Where do the surface markings of the apex (apex beat) lie?

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line

166
Q

How does the apex beat of children compare to adults?

A

More superiolateral

167
Q

What chambers form the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and right ventricle

168
Q

What chambers form the left border of the heart?

A

Left atrium and left ventricle

169
Q

What chambers form the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle and left ventricle

170
Q

What chambers forms the superior border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and left atrium

171
Q

What chambers form the anterior/sternocostal surface of the heart?

A

Right atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

172
Q

What chambers form the posterior/base surface of the heart?

A

Left atrium

173
Q

What chambers form the inferior/diaphragmatic surface of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

174
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Sternocostal

175
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Base

176
Q

What is the inferior surface of the heart also known as?

A

Diaphragmatic

177
Q

What vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint?

A

T4

178
Q

What vertebral level is the xiphisternal joint?

A

T8/T9

179
Q

The heart is posterior to what bone?

A

Sternum

180
Q

The heart is anterior to what 4 vertebrae?

A

T5-T8

181
Q

What structure lies inferior to the heart?

A

Diaphragm

182
Q

In what order do the heart valves lie behind the sternum?

A

P-A-M-T

183
Q

Where do the sounds due to the hear valves roughly radiate to?

A

4 corners of the heart

184
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve auscultated?

A

2nd left intercostal space, parasternally

185
Q

Where is the aortic valve ausculated?

A

2nd righ intercostal space, parasternally

186
Q

Where is the mitral valve ausculated?

A

5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line (apex)

187
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve auscultated?

A

Over lower sternum, or just right to it

188
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel, from superficial to deep?

A

Tinuca adventita

Tunica media

Tunica intima

189
Q

What are the 3 main histological types of arteries?

A

Elastic arteries

Muscular arteries

Arterioles

190
Q

How can a slide of an artery be identified?

A

More round

Thick wall

Narrow lumen

191
Q

How can a slide of a vein be identified?

A

Irregular, thin wall

Wider lumen

192
Q

What is the difference between the tunica intima of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular arteries have the presence of internal elastic lamina

193
Q

What is the difference between the tunica media of musclar and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular arteries is mainly smooth muscle

Elastic arteries have concentric fenestrated sheets of elastin and only a few smooth muscle fibres

194
Q

What is the difference between the tunica adventitia of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Muscular has the presence of vaso vasorum and is a broad layer

195
Q

What is vaso vasorum?

A

Network of small blood vessels that supplies the walls of blood vessels

196
Q

What type of artery is the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Elastic

Conducting

197
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Muscular

Distributing

198
Q

What type of tissue predominate in the tunica media of arterioles?

A

Smooth muscle

199
Q

Are elastic arteries conducting or distributing?

A

Conducting

200
Q

Are muscular arteries conducting or distributing?

A

Distributing

201
Q

What layer are valves formed from?

A

Tunica intima of the vessel

202
Q 
Which of the following is not a content of the middle mediastinum?
A. Heart
B. Oesophagus
C. Phrenic nerve
D. Lung
E. Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
A

D

203
Q 
Which structure lies immediately posterior to the heart?
A. Phrenic nerve
B. Pleura 
C. Trachea
D. Descending aorta
E. Oesophagus
A

E

204
Q 
Heart lies anterior to which vertebrae?
A. T1-T4
B. T2-T5
C. T3-T6
D. T4-T7
E. T5-T8
A

E

205
Q 
The anterior surface of the heart is formed mainly by
A. RV
B. RA + RV
C. RA + RV + LV
D. RA + RV + LA + LV
E. RV + LA + LV
A

B

206
Q 
The phrenic nerve supplies
A. Visceral pericardium
B. Parietal pericardium
C. Fibrous pericardium
D. Fibrous and parietal pericardium
E. Parietal and visceral pericardium
A

D

207
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding sympathetic innervation of the heart?
A. Decreases heart rate
B. Increases heart rate and force of contraction
C. Root value: T1-T6
D. Innervates parietal layer of the pericardium
E. Relaxes the heart muscles

A

B

208
Q

Which of the following is correct?
A. Coronary sulcus is a groove situated between the right atrium and right ventricle
B. Circumflex artery is branch of right coronary artery
C. Anterior descending artery is a branch of left coronary artery
D. Coronary arteries arise from the coronary sinus
E. Posterior descending artery is a branch of left coronary artery

A

C

209
Q 
Left anterior descending artery supplies which of the following area(s) of the heart?
A. RA + RV
B. RV + LV
C. RA + RV + LV
D. RV + LV + IVS
E. LV + IVS
A

D

210
Q 
The coronary sinus drains into
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Superior vena cava
D. Azygos vein
E. Inferior vena cava
A

B

211
Q

What is the function the chordae tendinae?
A. Regulates the function of the papillary muscles
B. Regulates the function of the tricuspid valves
C. Regulates the function of the mitral valves
D. Regulates the function of semilunar valves
E. Regulates the function of the pulmonary valves

A

B

212
Q

Which of the following is correct?
A. Left ventricle has three papillary muscles
B. Mitral valve is situated between the right atrium and right ventricle
C. Pulmonary veins opens into the left atrium
D. Pulmonary trunk originates from the left ventricle
E. Left ventricle has a smooth internal surface

A

C

213
Q

What vertebral level does hemiazygous join azygous vein?

A

T7

214
Q

What matter is present in cervical and lumbar enlargements?

A

Grey matter

Anatomy Year 1 Medicine (19 decks)

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