1147-49: Second Crusade Events and Consequences Flashcards
(22 cards)
Which Papal Bull called for the Second Crusade? When was it issued? Who by?
Quantum Praedecessores
1st Dec 1145
Eugenius III
When did the German Crusade set off? Who led it? When did they reach Constantinople? What happened there?
May 1147
Conrad III
Sept 1147
Battle of Constantinople
When did the French Crusade set off? Who led it?
Jun 1147
Louis VII
When was the Battle of Constantinople? What happened?
Sept 1147
1) Conrad III’s 20,000 unruly soldiers cause concern for Manuel I
2) insults exchanged, some Germans attack Byz and are killed
3) crusaders agree to be ferried across Bosporus
As the German Crusaders travelled Anatolia, what happened?
1) at Nicaea disagreements begin, Otto of Freising & infantry split off
2) Conrad follows First Crusade path (ignore Manuel’s coastal route)
3) decimated at Second Battle of Dorylaeum (Oct 1447)
4) survivors retreat to Constantinople, join French Crusaders
When was the Second Battle of Dorylaeum? Who was it between? Who won? What happened?
Oct 1147
Conrad III vs Masud of Rum
Masud (Seljuks)
1) poorly organised and provisioned Germans retreat to Dorylaeum to reorganise
2) ambushed & harassed by Seljuk infantry, ~75% of army destroyed
As the French Crusaders travelled Anatolia, what happened?
1) unite with German survivors and travel via coastal route (like Otto)
2) victory vs Turks at Battle of Ephesus (Dec 1147)
3) suffer heavy losses at Battle of Mt. Cadmus (Jan 1148)
4) reach safer Attalia, decides to travel by ship (abandons infantry: picked off by Turks, starvation and illness)
Who did Manuel I make a treaty with? Why? How was this seen by Latins?
Masud of Rum
to avoid double attack, due to threat of Normans in West
betrayal, accused of setting-up the Second Crusade in Anatolia and encouraging Seljuk attacks
When did Louis VII’s fleet reach Outremer? Where did he land? When did he reach Jerusalem?
Mar 1148
Antioch
Apr 1148
Who did Louis VII alienate, as he moved South through Outremer to Jerusalem? How?
Raymond of Antioch - refused to help attack Aleppo under Nureddin, biggest threat to Antioch
Raymond II of Tripoli - refused to help him defend Tripoli’s frontiers
Which Second Crusade leader died before reaching Jerusalem? Who is alleged to have killed them? What did this cause?
Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse
Raymond II of Tripoli
many of Alfonso’s French contingent return home
When did a council decide the target of the Second Crusade? Where? Who were the most significant voices?
24th Jun 1148
Council of Acre (Palmarea)
Baldwin III, Louis VII & Conrad III
Who was not represented at the Council of Acre, due to alienation by Louis VII? Who did they favour an attack on?
Raymond of Antioch & Raymond II of Tripoli
Aleppo (Nur ad-Din’s capital and biggest threat in North), but was not discussed in their absence
When was the Council of Acre? What were the proposed targets, and which was selected? Why?
24th Jun 1148
Ascalon or Damascus (selected)
Not Ascalon because:
- capture of Ascalon would’ve added to lands of Amalric of Jaffa (supporter of Melisende)
- secured by castles built by Fulk, e.g. Bethgibelin, Ibelin & Blanchgard
Chose Damascus because:
- also wanted by Zengi, limits his potential land
- of Christian significance, pleases Louis & Conrad
Where did the Crusaders originally camp outside Damascus? When did they move? Where to? Success/failure?
well-watered orchards with shade (W)
27th Jul 1448
dry, less-defended plain (W)
huge failure: very little food/water, in full sun
When did the Crusaders abandon the siege of Damascus? Why?
28th Jul 1448
poor positioning on Western plain & arrival of Nur ad-Din + Sayf ad-Din’s relief force
When was the Siege of Damascus? Who was the leader of Damascus? Who supported Damascus by providing a relief force?
24-28th Jul 1448
Unur of Damascus
Nur & Sayf ad-Din
Where was an attack proposed after the failed Siege of Damascus? Who proposed this? Why did it never happen?
Ascalon
Conrad III
mistrust between Crusaders after Damascus
Who was blamed for the failure of the Second Crusade? Why?
Bernard of Clairvaux - failed to organise
Manuel I - accused of setting-up Crusaders in Anatolia
Louis VII & Conrad III - poor tactics and division
What were the main outcomes of the Second Crusade?
1) European suspicion of Outremer’s settlers
2) Outremer/Latin estrangement with Byz
3) rise in prestige of Nur ad-Din
Where was the main secondary expedition of the Second Crusade? How successful was this? What happened?
Iberia & Portugal
success
1147 - Muslim Lisbon + Almeria fall
