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Path year 5 > Histopath - Gynae > Flashcards

Histopath - Gynae Flashcards

1
Q

Which HPV strains are most associated with cervical cancer?

A

HPV 16 and 18

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of HPV vaccines?

A
  • Cervarix: bivalent (16+18)
  • Gardasil: quadrivalent (6, 11, 16, 18)
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3
Q

CIN and cervical Ca RFs

A
  • Many sexual partners/sexually active early
  • Smoking
  • Immunosuprression
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4
Q

Most common direction of PID

A

Ascending infection

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5
Q

Most common cause PID in the UK

A

Chlamydia and Gonorrhoea

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6
Q

Most common cause PID in the world

A

TB and schistosomiasis

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7
Q

PID Complications

A
  • Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome (adhesions)
  • Peritonitis
  • Infertility
  • Intestinal obstructions
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8
Q

What is CIN

A

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - dysplasia in the cervical epithelium, but membrane intact (pre-malignant, pre-invasive)

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9
Q

What type of cells does CIN usually occur in?

A

Squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What is CGIN?

A

Cervical GLANDULAR intrapithelial neoplasia

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11
Q

What type of cells does CGIN usually affect?

A

Columnar-glandular epithelium

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12
Q

What does CIN develop to (malignancy)?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

What does CGIN develop to (malignancy)?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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14
Q

When does CIN/CGIN become malignant?

A

When there is invasion through the basement membrane

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15
Q

Which type of endometrial ca is more common?

A

Type 1 (85%), Type 2 (15%)

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16
Q

What kind of patients get type 1 endometrial cancer verus type 2?

A

Type 1: Younger patients

Type 2: older patients

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17
Q

Endometrial ca oestrogen-dependence type 1 v 2

A

Type 1: oestrogen-dependent

Type 2: less oestrogen-dependent

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18
Q

What is type 1 Endometrial Ca associated with?

A

Atypical endometrial hyperplasia

19
Q

What is type 2 endometrial ca associated with?

A

Atrophic endometrium

20
Q

FIGO staging 1 -4

A

1: Confined to uterus
2: Spread to cervix
3: Spread to anexae, vagina, local LN
4: Other pelvic organs, distant spread

21
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic disease?

A

a spectrum of tumours and tumour-like conditions characterised by proliferation of pregnancy-associated trophoblastic tissue

22
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of GTD?

A
  1. Hydatiform Moles (Complete/ Incomlpete)
  2. Invasive Moles
  3. Choriocarcinoma
23
Q

GTD: complete/partial presentation

A

Very high HCG

24
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant trophoblastic cancer (usually of placenta) - rapidly invasive but responds well to chemo

25
Q

What are the twp forms of pathogenesis for endometriosis?

A
  • Retrograde menstruation
  • Metaplasia of pelvic peritoneum
26
Q

What can be seen histopathologically in endometriosis?

A

Powder burns and chocolate cysts (endometriomas)

27
Q

Protective factors for Ovarian ca

A
  • OCP
  • Pregnancy
28
Q

Risk factors for Ovarian ca

A
  • Genetic predisposition (most sign)
  • Nulliparity
  • Early menarche & late menopause
  • Infertility
29
Q

3 types of ovarian tumours by histology

A
  • Epithelial
  • Germ cell tumours
  • Sex cord tumours
    • Most common in post-menopausal women
30
Q

Serous cystadenoma histopathology

A

Ciliated cells

31
Q

*What type of tumour is this?

A

Mature teratoma

32
Q

Mucinous cystadenoma histopathology

A

Mucous secreting cells

33
Q

Brenner tumour histopathology

A

Coffee bean nuclei

34
Q

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma histopathology

A

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

35
Q

Serous cystadenocarcinoma histopathology

A

Psammoma bodies

36
Q

Teratoma histopathology

A

Ectopic tissue types

37
Q

Dysgerminoma histopathology

A

hCG and LDH

(And Turners syndrome)

38
Q

Yolk sac histopathology

A

AFP

39
Q

Choriocarcinoma histopathology

A

hCG

40
Q

Fibroma histopathology

A

Associated with Meigs’ syndrome (ascites, pleural effusion)

41
Q

What are signet ring cells associated with?

A

Krukenburg tumour

42
Q

Most common location for Krukenberg tumour

A

Gastric adenocarcinoma at pylorus

(Krukenberg is 2ndry tumour)

43
Q

*Most common ovarian ca

A

Serous adenocarcinoma

44
Q

Most common ova ca

A

Serous cystadenoma

Path year 5 (48 decks)

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