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RMT Program > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the nervous system?

A
  • Central Nervous System (CNS)

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS

A
  • Brain

- Spinal Cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A
  • Sensory Structure
  • Spinal Nerves
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Neuroglia
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4
Q

What are the sensory parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • Somatic and Special sensory receptors (SNS)
  • Autonomic sensory receptors and neurons (ANS)
  • GI tract and entric plexus Sensory receptors and neutrons (ENS)
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5
Q

What are the motor parts of PNS

A
  • somatic motor neurons (voluntary)
  • Autonomic motor neurons (involuntary)
  • Enteric motor neurons (involuntary)
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6
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic motor neurons?

A
  • Parasympathetic

- Sympathetic

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7
Q

What are the effectors?

A
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Smooth Muscle,
  • cardiac muscle,
  • gland
  • enteric and endocrine cells of GI tract
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8
Q

what is nervous tissue composed of

A
  • Neuroglia

- Neurons

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9
Q

what is another name for neuroglia cells?

A

-Glia cells

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10
Q

what are neuroglia cells

A

support cells within the nervous system

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11
Q

What is the function of neuroglia?

A
  • mechanical support
  • nutrient supply to neurons
  • immunity
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12
Q

What are Schwann cells?

A

specialized neuroglia cells

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13
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

lay down a myelin sheath around axons

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14
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath

A

acts as an electrical insulator which speeds up nerve impulse transmission along the axon

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15
Q

What are nerve cells (neurons)

A
  • main functional unit of nervous system
  • turn stimulus (chemical, mechanical, light) into electrical signal known as an action potential
  • communicate between other nerve cells and send impulses to muscle or glands
  • composed of a cell body, dendrites, and axon
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16
Q

What are the types of neurons?

A
  • sensory neuron (afferent)
  • Motor neuron (efferent)
  • Association neuron (interneurons)
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17
Q

Describe Sensory Neurons

A

-carry nerve impulses from sensory structures and touch receptors to central nervous system

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18
Q

Describe motor neurons

A
  • Carry nerve stimuli from CNS to PNS

- synapse with muscle cells to produce a contraction or with a gland to cause a secretion

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19
Q

Describe association neurons

A

-receive information from sensory or other associated neurons, process it and pass it on to another association neuron or motor neuron

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20
Q

What is the most prevalent type of neuron in the body?

A
  • Association neurons

- accounts for 99% of neurons in body

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21
Q

What are the types of structures of neurons?

A
  • Multipolar neuron
  • Bipolar neuron
  • unipolar neuron
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22
Q

What is the order of function as an impulse moves towards the CNS?

A
  • Sensory Receptor
  • spinal cord
  • thalmus
  • cerebrum
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23
Q

What is the order of function as an impulse moves away from the CNS?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • upper motor neuron
  • spinal cord
  • lower motor neuron
  • skeletal muscle
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24
Q

Describe Grey matter

A
  • consist mainly of cell bodies of neurons
  • found on the surface of the brain
  • internal, butterfly shape of spinal cord
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25
Q

Describe White matter where is it located?

A
  • consists of myelinated axons
  • centralized in the brain to form tracts
  • peripheral with spinal cord
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26
Q

What are mennings

A

a special connective tissue layers found in the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

what is the function of mennings

A
  • protect the brain
  • anchor it within the skull
  • location for blood vessels
28
Q

What are the major regions of the brain

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Pituitary Gland
  • hypothalamus
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem
29
Q

what are the regions of the cerebrum

A
  • Cerebral Cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
30
Q

What is the structure of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • outer grey matter (cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia
  • expands and envelops the midbrain
  • highly folded to accommodate an increased number of interneurons
  • left and right hemispheres each divide into specialized lobes
31
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insula (deep to the other lobes laterally)
32
Q

what are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Sensory Areas-Interpret sensory input
  • Motor Areas - store and determine motor output
  • Association Areas-emotions, intelligence, language
33
Q

What is the basal ganglia

A

-involved in control of large, automatic muscle movements and muscle tone

34
Q

what is the limbic system?

A
  • “emotional brain”

- pain, pleasure, anger, fear

35
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A
  • Release hormones (human growth hormone)

- subdivided into anterior and posterior pituitary each releasing different hormones

36
Q

what is the Hypothalamus

A

communication centre between the endocrine and nervous system

37
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate

A
  • release of hormones from the pituitary glands
  • hunger, thirst, sexual response, and pleasure
  • contains bodies thermostat
  • relaxation state of body vs stress reaction
38
Q

what is the relaxation state of the body called?

A

-parasympathetic nervous system

39
Q

What is the flight or fight state of the body called?

A

-sympathetic nervous system

40
Q

What is the cerebellum

A
  • involved in unconscious regulation of balance and some locomotion movements
  • hand eye coordination
41
Q

What components make up the brainstem?

A
  • medulla oblongata
  • midbrain
  • pons
42
Q

what is the role of the brainstem?

A
  • connects spinal cord inferiorly

- connects to the cerebellum, hypothalamus, and cerebrum

43
Q

what is the characteristics of the medulla oblongata

A

-thickened stalk at the base of the brain

44
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata

A
  • controls subconscious activities

- ie respiration and heart rate

45
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of?

A
  • outer white matter

- inner grey matter

46
Q

what is grey matter composed of?

A

-cell bodies of motor and sensory neurons associated with spinal nerves

47
Q

What is white matter composed of?

A
  • groups of myelinated axons
  • sensory or afferent axons to the brain
  • motor or efferent away from the brain
48
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A
  • mennings

- bone

49
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A
  • relay info to and from brain
  • integrate simple responses to certain stimuli
  • controls aspects of body through reflexes
50
Q

What are reflexes?

A

-fast, automatic preprogrammed responses to internal or external stimuli

51
Q

What are common reflex stimuli?

A
  • receptors -located in skin viscera, blood vessel, muscles
  • sensory or afferent neurons
  • integration centres -grey matter of spinal cord segment
  • motor or efferent neurons
  • effector - muscle or gland
52
Q

What are examples of reflexes

A

-withdrawing hand due to painful stimuli
-breathing rate
-heart rate
-secreting from sweat gland
blinking

53
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves which travel the spinal cord and exit at each intervertebral space
  • 12 pair of cranial nerves - exit at brain
54
Q

What are nerves

A

bundles of axons surrounded by connective tissue coverings

55
Q

What are plexuses

A

Spinal nerves branch when they leave the spinal cord

56
Q

Define Rami

A

networks between nerve branches

57
Q

Define Plexus

A

Rami that from the final nerves that supply skeletal muscles and glands

58
Q

What are the 4 principle plexuses?

A
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Brachial (arms)
  • Lumbar (legs)
  • Sacral (legs)
59
Q

what is the sensory system of the somatic peripheral nervous system?

A

-Sensory neurons from receptors to the CNS

60
Q

What is the motor system of the somatic peripheral nervous system?

A

-Motor neurons form the CNS to effectors (muscle and glands)

61
Q

Describe the somatic nervous system

A
  • motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles for locomotion, feeding, speech, etc
  • voluntary, consciously control this system
62
Q

Describe automatic nervous system

A
  • motor neurons are involuntary

- controls HR, digestion, excretion, glandular organs, smooth muscle of blood vessels

63
Q

What are 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

64
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • involved in the expenditure of energy as well as flight and fight response
  • increases metabolic rates
  • increases Heart rate
  • decreases activity of the stomach and intestines
65
Q

Describe the parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • conserves energy or (SLUDD)
  • decreases metabolic rate
  • decreases heart rate
  • increases activity of the stomach and intestines
66
Q

What does SLUDD stand for

A
  • Salvation
  • Lacrimation
  • Urination
  • Digestion
  • Defication

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