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Clinical Anatomy > Abdominal contents > Flashcards

Abdominal contents Flashcards

1
Q

what is contained in the foregut

A 
abdominal esophagus
stomach
liver
1st half of duodenum
pancreas
spleen
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2
Q

what artery supplies the foregut

A

celiac artery

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3
Q

what organs are contained in the midgut

A

2nd half of duodenum
jejunum
ileum
proximal 1/2 colon

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4
Q

what artery supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

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5
Q

what organs are contained in the hindgut

A

distal half of colon

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6
Q

what artery supplies the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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7
Q

what abdominal contents are found in the anterior portion of the abdomen

A

digestive tract and related organs

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8
Q

what organs are found in the posterior aspect of the abdomen

A

kidneys
suprarenal glands
neurovascular system

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9
Q

what abdominal structure is formed when the foregut rotates 90 degrees clockwise during the 3rd month of fetal development

A

lesser peritoneal sac

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10
Q

on average, how many degrees does the midgut rotate and elongate around the superior mesenteric artery

A

270 degrees counterclockwise

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11
Q

what will occur if the midgut only rotates 180 degrees during development

A

appendix will be located under the liver
pain near McBurney’s point (2/3 distance from naval to right ASIS)
splanchnic nerves can be disarranged

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12
Q

what is considered the abdominal cavity

A

all contents in the abdominal wall/diaphragm and pelvic inlet

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13
Q

describe the omentum

A

folding of the visceral peritoneum

covers the anterior aspect of the abdomen

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14
Q

what structure covers the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

A

greater omentum

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15
Q

what structure covers the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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16
Q

what is the function of the mesentery, mesocolon, and falciform ligament

A

attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall

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17
Q

what does the folding of the parietal peritoneum form

A

mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament

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18
Q

what does intraperitoneal mean

A

the structures within the peritoneum

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19
Q

what are the intraperitoneal organs

A 
esophagus
stomach
jejunum
ileum
caecum 
appendix
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
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20
Q

describe intraperitoneal organs

A

organs that are entirely covered by visceral peritoneum

organs are mobile

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21
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean

A

structures that are outside of the parietal peritoneum

organs are in a fixed location

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22
Q

what organs are considered retroperitoneal

A 
duodenum
pancreas
kidneys
ascending colon
descending colon
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23
Q

what structures are considered secondary retroperitoneal

A

3/4 duodenum
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon

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24
Q

what causes an organ to be secondary retroperitoneal

A

“spinned” out of visceral peritoneum

organ lost mesentery during development

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25
Q

what considers an organ as primary

A

the organ never had mesentery

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26
Q

what organs are considered as primary retroperitoneal

A 
distal rectum
kidneys, ureters
adrenal glands
IVC, AA
testes before descending to scrotum in males
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27
Q

what primary retroperitoneal organ is “spinned” into intraperitoneal

A

spleen

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28
Q

what is contained within the intraperitoneal cavity

A 
intraperitoneal organs:  
esophagus
stomach
jejunum
ileum
caecum
appendix
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
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29
Q

describe the lesser peritoneal sac

A

empty sac

recess bound by greater and lesser omentum

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30
Q

describe the omental foramen/foramen of Winslow

A

connects the lesser and greater sac

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31
Q

describe the hepatoduodenal ligament

A

connects the liver to the duodenum

contains the portal triangle

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32
Q

what are the portal triad contents

A

hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct

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33
Q

what spinal level is the descending aorta

A

T12

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34
Q

where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located

A

Lower esophagus

Between the stomach and the esophagus

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35
Q

where is the lower esophageal sphincter located

A

end of the esophagus

between the esophagus and the stomach

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36
Q

what is the squamocolumnar junction

A

transition between squamous/ectoderm to columnar/endoderm cells

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37
Q

failure of what sphincter leads to GERD

A

lower esophageal spincter

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38
Q

what areas of the heart are affected by an esophageal herniation

A

left atrium due to the location of the esophagus behind the heart

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39
Q

what can be found on the lesser curvature of the stomach

A

lesser omentum

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40
Q

what is located on the greater curvature of the stomach

A

greater omentum

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41
Q

what is the blood supply of the lesser curvature

A

right gastric artery from common hepatic artery

left gastric artery from celiac trunk

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42
Q

what is the blood supply for the greater curvature

A

right gastro-omental/epipolic artery from gastroduodenal artery
left gastro-omental/epiploic artery from splenic artery

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43
Q

what is the blood supply to the fundus

A

short gastric artery from splenic artery

trabecular branches

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44
Q

what is the purpose of a partial splenectomy

A

reserve partial functions and support stomach

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45
Q

what is the purpose of the stomach

A

digestion
limited absorption
intrinsic factor

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46
Q

what is the function of intrinsic factor

A

binds to vitamin B12 absorption, transports VB12 to the ileum and crosses epithelium, releases VB12 back into the blood stream

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47
Q

where are lipid soluble vitamins absorbed

A

small intestine, distal portion of ileum

48
Q

describe the coronary triangular ligaments

A

parietal peritoneum fold (coronal plane)

fix liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm

49
Q

describe the ligament teres

A

in the inferior fold of falciform

connects the remnant umbilical vein to the liver

50
Q

describe the ligamentum venosum

A

located on the posterior liver

remnant of ductus venosus (connection of umbilical vein to IVC

51
Q

what structures divide the liver in R/L lobes

A

falciform ligament
left triangular ligament
ligament teres
ligamentum venosum

52
Q

where is bile stored within the body

A

gall bladder

53
Q

what causes the formation of gall stones

A

high increase of organic content

54
Q

what is the treatment for gall stones

A

cholecystectomy

55
Q

what is the function of bile

A

aids in digestion and absorption of lipids/lipid soluble vitamins

56
Q

what is the blood supply to the gall bladder

A

cystic artery from right hepatic duct

57
Q

what is the innervation of the gall bladder

A

parasympathic innervation, visceral motor

30-80% of the population by right phrenic nerve

58
Q

where is gall bladder pain felt, why?

A

pain around shoulder/back

C4 nerve roots

59
Q

where is the pancreas located

A

behind and inferior to stomach

60
Q

what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas

A

endocrine: insulin and glucagon secreted via alpha and beta cells
exocrine: release of digestive enzymes

61
Q

what organ is mesoderm-derived, developed with endoderm-derived stomach into peritoneal organ

A

spleen

62
Q

what is indicated with abdominal bleeding and referred pain to the left shoulder

A

Kehr’s sign, ruptured spleen

63
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

contains WBC
regenerates RBC
immune response

64
Q

what is the spleen’s blood supply

A

splenic artery from celiac trunk

trabecular atery gives out multiple short gastric arteries

65
Q

what are the mesenteric lymph nodes and where are they derived from

A

prevents the spread of harmful bacteria throughout the lymph fluid
derived from the spleen

66
Q

what area of the duodenum is considered to be in the foregut

A

descending duodenum

67
Q

what section of the duodenum is considered the midgut

A

ascending duodenum

68
Q

what is the function of the ligament of treitz

A

diaphragm muscle that supports and anchors duodenum to the abdominal wall

69
Q

what is the blood supply for the duodenum

A

gastroduodenal branch from common hepatic artery

70
Q

what vein drains the duodenum

A

superior mesenteric vein

71
Q

what arteries branch off of the superior mesenteric artery

A 
middle colic artery
right colic artery
ileocolic artery
jejunal arteries
ileal arteries
72
Q

what arteries branch off of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal atery

73
Q

why is it difficult to perform an appendectomy

A

the apendix can swim around the mesoappendix

variations with degree of rotation during development

74
Q

what organs are suspended to the abdominal wall by mesentery proper and are highly mobile

A

jejunum and ileium

75
Q

how can you distinguish between the jejunum and ileum

A

jejunum has a thinnner layer of arcades and longer vasa recta
ileum has less circular folds

76
Q

what is the function of the jejunum

A

absorb nutrients

77
Q

where is the midgut located

A

from ileocecal junction to 2/3 of transverse colon

78
Q

where is the hindgut located

A

distal 1/3 tansverse colon to anus

79
Q

what can occur if a patient experiences chronic constipation

A

obturator nerve can be compressed

leads to numbness/tingling in the inner thigh

80
Q

what is the function of the colon

A

limited absorption of water and salt
symbiosis
dehydrate digested foods to stool

81
Q

where are the right and left kidneys located

A

right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the liver

82
Q

what are the functions of the kidneys

A

urine production
electrolyte and water balance
regulate blood pressure via renin-angiotensin system
hematopoiesis: cytokine erythropoietin

83
Q

what spinal level is the renal artery located

A

L2

84
Q

where does the renal artery branch from

A

branches from abdominal arota directly

posterior to the IVC

85
Q

what pathologies are related to the abdominal aorta arch

A

increasing abdominla aorta anerurysm risk infeior to renal artery

86
Q

where is the left renal vein located

A

between superior mesenteric artery and aorta

87
Q

compression of the renal vein can lead to what pathology

A

nutcracker syndrome

88
Q

what symptoms are common with nutcracker syndrome

A

blood in urine

flank pain

89
Q

what is the innervation for the blood vessel smooth muscles in the kidneys

A

sympathetic innervation

90
Q

what is the innervation for the ureter in the kidney

A

parasympathetic for peristalsis of urine drainage into urinary bladder

91
Q

what is the function for the adrenal glands

A

bridge between the endocrine and nervous system

regulates metabolism, BP, immune/stress response, sexual hormones

92
Q

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland

A

cortex and medulla

93
Q

what arteries supply the adrenal gland

A

branches from inferior phrenic artery
aorta
1st branch of renal artery

94
Q

what veins drain the adrenal glands

A

right adrenal gland drains into IVC directly

left adrenal gland drains into renal vein

95
Q

what spinal level is the celiac trunk located

A

T12

96
Q

what spinal level is the superior mesenteric artery located

A

L1

97
Q

what spinal level is the inferior mesenteric artery found

A

L3

98
Q

what spinal level is the renal artery located

A

L2

99
Q

what spinal level does the common iliac artery divide

A

L4

100
Q

what artery is considered primary retroperitoneal and descends into the pelvis and scrotum

A

gonadal artery

101
Q

what spinal level do the common iliac veins merge to form the inferior vena cava

A

L5

102
Q

what veins drain into the inferior vena cava on the right

A

right adrenal gland vein

right gonadal vein

103
Q

what is the function of the lymphatic system in the abdomen

A

monitor endogenous bacteria - immune function

absorption of lipids

104
Q

where does the lymphatic system drain into in the abdomen

A

75% drains into the left subclavian vein

25% drains in the right subclavian vein

105
Q

what artery connects the foregut and the midgut

A

superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

106
Q

what artery is located between the midgut and the hindgut

A

middle and left colic artery

107
Q

what is a water shed zone

A

areas in the body that recieve dual blood supply

108
Q

injuries near the splenic flexure can result in what medical procedure, why

A

bowel resection

due to low blood supply in the region

109
Q

what artery is found between the hindgut and the pelvis

A

superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal

internal iliac artery

110
Q

what is the treatment for atherosclerosis

A

anatomosis to bypass the areas that have plaque build up

111
Q

where doe the digestive tract veins drain into

A

liver portal system

112
Q

what can occur with anastomosis of the gastric/splenic vein to the esophageal veins

A

esophageal varcies

113
Q

what pathology occurs with anastomosis of rectal veins to internal iliac veins

A

hemorrhoids

114
Q

what pathology occurs with anastomosis in the paraumbilical veins

A

caput medusa

115
Q

what is the innervation of the foregut

A

sympathetic innervation, greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)

parasympathetic innervation, vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

116
Q

what is the innervation of the midgut

A

parasympathetic: vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)

117
Q

what is the innervation of the hindgut

A

sympathetic innervation: lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2)

parasympathetic innervation: pelvid splanchnic cnerve (S2-S4)

Clinical Anatomy (14 decks)

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