Chapter 7

Question 1

is what your brain does with information, including understanding it, organizing it, analyzing it, and communicating it. is all about knowledge and what you do with it.

Answer 1

Cognition

Question 2

a mental representation of a category of similar things, actions, or people.are the most basic building blocks of thinking, the pieces that you use to string together thoughts.

Answer 2

Concepts

Question 3

the most typical or best example within a concept.something we imagine, rather than some specific thing we have actually encountered

Answer 3

prototype

Question 4

or a formula-like method of problem solving.a method of problem solving based entirely on logic and rationality

Answer 4

Algorithm

Question 5

An educated guess or rule-of-thumb method of problem solving.

Answer 5

heuristic

Question 6

the limits you place on your approach to problem solving based on what has worked in the past.

Answer 6

Mental set

Question 7

a tendency to prefer information that confirms what you thought in the first place.

Answer 7

confirmation bias

Question 8

the particular way a question or problem is presented, which can influence how you respond to it

Answer 8

framing

Question 9

is an educated guess based on similarity to a prototype. we tend to draw conclusions about people or things based on how closely they resemble a “textbook case” of a certain category

Answer 9

Representativeness heuristic

Question 10

is an educated guess based on the information that most quickly and easily comes to mind

Answer 10

availability heuristic

Question 11

is an educated guess in which the starting point has a strong influence on the conclusion you ultimately reach.

Answer 11

anchoring heuristic

Question 12

is an educated guess in which the worth of something is strongly influenced by how you feel toward it

Answer 12

affect heuristic

Question 13

predicting how you will feel about the outcomes of your decisions.

Answer 13

Affective forecasting

Question 14

thinking about something in only the way it is most typically used, rather than other possible uses.

Answer 14

Functional fixedness

Question 15

is your ability to communicate with others using words or other symbols combined and arranged according to rules.

Answer 15

Language

Question 16

Perhaps the most well known nativist theorist, Noam Chomsky, hypothesized that children are born with a hard-wired language acquisition device (LAD) in their brain. a theory of language development that says the ability to use language is inborn.

Answer 16

Chomsky’s Nativist theory

Question 17

which suggests that kids learn language through the process of hearing others speak it

Answer 17

Formalist theory of language development

Question 18

suggests that a child’s use of language develops from a desire to interact socially.

Answer 18

Social-pragmatic theory

Question 19

a stage of speech development during which the young child uses a single word as a full sentence.

Answer 19

One-word Stage

Question 20

is the ability to gain knowledge and learn from experience.

Answer 20

Intelligence

Question 21

overall intelligence that applies across all tasks and situations.

Answer 21

Spearman’s general intelligence (g)

Question 22

One involves comprehension, reasoning and problem solving while the other involves recalling stored knowledge and past experiences.

Answer 22

Catell’s fluid and crystallized intelligences

Question 23

the kind of street smarts that help you get by in your day-to-day lives just as much as book smarts do

Answer 23

Practical/Successful Intelligence

Question 24

proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. suggests human intelligence can be differentiated into eight modalities: visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic and bodily-

Answer 24

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Question 25

the ability to sense and manage emotions in yourself and others.

Answer 25

Emotional Intelligence

Question 26

an assessment technique used by psychologists to numerically measure intelligence.

Answer 26

Intelligence test

Question 27

a single number used to represent a person’s overall intelligence.

Answer 27

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Question 28

a graph showing that the frequency of scores on a test is greatest in the middle and decreases toward the extreme

Answer 28

normal curve

Question 29

significantly above-average intelligence.

Answer 29

giftedness

Question 30

a mental disorder based on significantly below-average intelligence and impaired day-to-day functioning.

Answer 30

intellectual disability

Question 31

the extent to which an assessment technique provides consistent, repeatable results.

Answer 31

reliability

Question 32

the extent to which an assessment technique measures what it claims to measure.

Answer 32

validity

Question 33

the tendency of a test to produce scores in a consistently inaccurate way for members of particular groups. critics of intelligence tests have accused the test makers of including items that give certain groups an advantage (typically middle- to upper-class Whites,

Answer 33

test bias

Question 34

intelligence tests that aim to reduce or remove any cultural factors leading to bias.tasks that do not depend heavily on language, such as mazes, puzzles, and visual memory games, to assess intelligence without the influence of cultural factors.

Answer 34

culture-fair intelligence tests

Question 35

the expectation that others may judge you according to stereotypes about a group to which you belong.

Answer 35

stereotype threat

Question 36

He is most known for being the first psychologist to study how the race of the test proctor may create bias in IQ testing through his master’s thesis “The Effects of Rapport on the IQ: A Study in Racial Psychology”.

Answer 36

Herman George Canady, Ph.D.