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clinical functional anatomy > Cranium: osteology, dural sinuses, ventricular system and meninges > Flashcards

Cranium: osteology, dural sinuses, ventricular system and meninges Flashcards

1
Q

The _________ is subdivided into two parts (calvaria and cranial base)

A

Neurocranium

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2
Q

the dome shape roof of neurocranium

A

Calvaria

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3
Q

floor of the neurocranium (underneath)

A

cranial base

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4
Q

The majority of bones in the calvaria are fused via fibrous joints called ________

A

sutures

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5
Q

separates the parietal and temporal bones

A

Squamous suture

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6
Q

separates the frontal and parietal bones

A

coronal suture

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7
Q

Separates the parietal and temporal bones form the occipital bone

A

Lambdoid suture

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8
Q

Separates the parietal bones

A

sagittal suture

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9
Q

Where the sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and parietal bones join is called the ________

A

Pterion

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10
Q

Where the sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and parietal bones join is called the ________

A

Pterion

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11
Q

What artery is deep to the Pterion_______

A

middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

What artery is a branch from the external carotid artery?

A

middle meningeal artery

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13
Q

Injury to the Pterion may produce _______ hematoma

A

extradural (EPIDURAL)

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14
Q

What bone touched the pillow when you lay down?

A

Occipital bone

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15
Q

The superior nasal conchae is apart of the ethmoid bone? T or F

A

true

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16
Q

Covered with muscosa
Increase vascular and mucosal surface area
Warms and moistens air

A

superior, middle and inferior nasal concha

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17
Q

Which of nasal conchae are apart of the ethmoid bone

A

Only superior and middle nasal concha

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18
Q

Features of the temporal bones:

A

external acoustic meatus, styloid process, and mastoid process

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19
Q

What bone is the crista galli, and cribriform plate located?

A

ethmoid bone

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20
Q

attachment point for the falx cerebri

A

crista galli

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21
Q

What is the tiny foramina that transmit the olfactory nerves (CN I) of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain?

A

Cribriform plate

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22
Q

What artery passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

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23
Q

What organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa?

A

pituitary gland

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24
Q

What are the 7 hormones secreted in the anterior pituitary gland?

A 
Prolactin (PRL)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Melanocyte hormone (MSH)

remember “flat gray possum mashed”

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25
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
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26
Q

What artery runs through the carotid canal?

A

internal carotid artery

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27
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the cranial fossa?

A

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa

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28
Q

What lobe is the anterior cranial fossa located in?

A

frontal lobe

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29
Q

What lobe is the middle cranial fossa located in?

A

temporal lobe

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30
Q

Where is the posterior cranial fossa located?

A

cerebellum

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31
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus
  • “True Space”
A

epidural space

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32
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • outermost meningeal layer
  • “Tough mother”
A

dura mater

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33
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • between dura mater and arachnoid mater
  • “potential space”
A

subdural space

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34
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • thin, delicate “Spider mother”
  • adhered to dura mater
A

arachnoid space

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35
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • filled with cerebral fluid
  • this is the space you access when doing a lumbar puncture
  • “true space”
A

subarachnoid space

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36
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Spinal Cord:

  • “Tender mother”
  • “saran wrap” adhering to cord
A

pia mater

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37
Q

What are the functions of the meninges?

A

-protect the nervous system, hold it in place, produce cerebrospinal fluid, and provide a passageway for fluids, nerves, and vessels.

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38
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Brain:

  • potential space
  • no epidural fat and venous plexus
A

epidural space

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39
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Brain:

  • two layers in head
    • periosteal layer
    • meningeal layer continues with cord dura
  • tightly adhered to skull eliminated epidural space
A

dura mater

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40
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Brain:

  • loosely attached to the dura
  • contains arachnoid granulations- small protrusions of arachnoid through dura that absorb CSF flow
A

arachnoid mater

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41
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Brain:

  • true space
  • contains CSF
  • contains cerebral arteries and veins
A

subarachnoid space

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42
Q

Meninges and Spaces of the Brain:

“saran wrap” around the brain

A

pia mater

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43
Q

Due to trauma
between periosteal layer of dura and bone
arterial bleed require to peel tightly adherent dura
Doesn’t usually cross suture lines
-bi convex shape

A

Epidural hematoma

44
Q

What ruptured artery is produces the epidural hematoma?

A

middle meningeal artery

45
Q
  • often due to trauma
  • between the meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid
  • may cross suture line
  • crescent shape on CT scan
A

subdural hematoma

46
Q

What has ruptured during the subdural hematoma?

A

bridging veins

47
Q

Superior cerebral veins (_________) that empty into the superior sagittal sinus

A

Bridging veins

48
Q

damage/bleeding of the bridging veins causes ________ hematoma

A

subdural

49
Q

What hematoma does this describe:

  • Deep to arachnoid mater
  • Fluid-filled: CSF and blood vessels
A

subarachnoid hematoma

50
Q

What has ruptured during a subarachnoid hematoma?

A

ruptured aneurysm

51
Q

______ hematoma an accumulation of blood inside the brain, caused by rupture of _____

-most commonly caused by hypertension

A

Intracerbreal; cerebral artery

52
Q
  • Separates two hemispheres of the cerebrum

- vertical projection

A

Falx cerebri

53
Q
  • separates two hemispheres of the cerebellum

- vertical projection

A

Falx cerebelli

54
Q
  • Seperates cerebrum from cerebellum

- horizontal projection

A

tentorium cerebelli

55
Q
  • covers pituitary gland

- horizontal projection

A

Diaphragma sellae

56
Q

What is anterior cranial fossa innervation?

A

Meningeal branches of V1 (ophthalmic)

57
Q

What is the middle cranial fossa innervation (medial and lateral)?

A

medial; meningeal branches of V2 (maxillary)

lateral; meningeal branches of V3 (mandibular)

58
Q

What is the posterior cranial fossa innervation?

A 
CN X (vagus) 
C1-C3 (cervical nerves)
59
Q

The dura mater receives its own vascular supply - primarily from the ________ artery and vein

A

middle meningeal

60
Q
  • major venous drainage system of the brain, meninges, calvarium, and other structures
  • lack of valves
A

Dural venous sinuses

61
Q

All dural sinuses ultimately drain into the _________

A

internal jugular vein

62
Q

drain flat bones of calvarium

A

Diploic veins

63
Q

connect extracranial veins with intracranial dural sinuses

A

emissary veins

64
Q
  • drain the brain parenchyma
  • subarachnoid space
  • pierce the meninges and drain into the cranial venous system
A

cerebral veins

65
Q
  • veins draining cerebrum and cerebellum

- cross subarachnoid and subdural spaces to drain into sinuses

A

bridging veins

66
Q

drain CSF from subarachnoid space into dural sinuses

A

Arachnoid granulations

67
Q

What is the major venous drainage system of the brain meninges, calvarium, and other structures of the head?

A

dural venous sinuses

68
Q

The dural venous are located between what two layers?

A

periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater

69
Q

Do the dural venous have valves?

A

NO

70
Q

What sinus is in the superior border of falx cerebri

Receives: superior, cerebral, diploic, and emissary veins and CSF

A

Superior Sagittal Sinus

71
Q

What sinus is the inferior margin of falx cerebri?

Receives: a few cerebral veins and veins from the falx cerebri

A

inferior sagittal sinus

72
Q

What veins join the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus?
Receives: superior cerebellar veins, and veins from falx cerebri; drains deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Great cerebral vein (vein of Galen)

73
Q

Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

Receives: inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, and veins from falx cerebri

A

Straight sinus

74
Q
  • falx cerebelli against occipital bone

- Receives: communicates inferiorly w/vertebral plexus of veins

A

Occipital sinus

75
Q
  • Dilated spaces at the internal occipital protuberance

- Receives: superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses

A

Confluence of sinuses

76
Q
  • Horizontal extensions from the confluence of sinuses along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli
  • Receives: confluence of sinuses transverse, superior sagittal, straight superior petrosal inferior cerebral, cerebellar, dipolic and emissary veins
A

Transverse sinus

77
Q
  • continuation of transverse sinuses to internal jugular vein
  • Receives: transverse sinuses, and cerebral, cerebellar, diploic and emissary veins
A

Sigmoid sinus

78
Q
  • both have a relationship with the petrous part of the temporal bone
  • Receives: cavernous sinus and cerebral and cerebellar veins

*receives veins from the internal ear and brainstem

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses

79
Q
  • Lateral aspect of the body of the sphenoid

- Receives: cerebral and ophthalmic veins, deep veins of the face, sphenoparietal sinuses, and emissary veins

A

Cavernous sinus

80
Q

Communicates with the facial vein via the ophthalmic veins
Internal carotid artery passes through it
Cranial nerves going to orbit pass through it
Venous drainage provides pathways for infection

A

Cavernous Sinus

81
Q

Infections in face can cause infection in _________ sinus and possibly into eye

A

cavernous sinus; “Triangle of Death”

82
Q

What structures pass through the cavernous sinus:

A 
O TOM CAT: 
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Ophthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary nerve ( V2)
Internal carotid artery 
Abducent nerve (CN VI)
83
Q

The CSF is produced in the ________ by the _______

A

ventricles; choroid plexus

84
Q

What are the ventricles in the brain?

A

two lateral ventricles, a third ventricle and a fourth ventricle.

85
Q

This occurs when blood enters the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Can be caused by:

  • overproduction of CSF
  • obstruction of CSF flow from the ventricles
  • the inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF
  • *most commonly at cerebral aqueduct**
A

Hydrocephalus

86
Q

What happens when children have hydrocephalus?

A

size and dimensions of the ventricle increased and as a result the brain enlarges
skull sutures are not fused and head expands

87
Q

What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

longitudinal fissure

88
Q

What are the cerebral lobes:

A

parietal, frontal, occipital and temporal lobes

89
Q

Where is the Brocas area located?

A

frontal lobe

90
Q

Where is the Wernicke area located?

A

Temporal lobe

91
Q

Which lobe is being described:

  • primary motor cortex
  • Intelligence
  • Self-control
  • Personality
A

frontal lobe

92
Q

Which lobe is being described:

  • hearing and selective listening
  • receives sensory information such as sounds and speech
A

Temporal lobe

93
Q

What are acquired language disorders called ______

-fluent or nonfluent speech

A

aphasia

94
Q

What area of the brain has the ability to comprehend language, including speech

A

Wernicke’s area

95
Q

What area of the brain has the ability to think of the right words, program, and coordinate the sequence of muscle contractions to produce sounds and assemble words into meaningful sentences

A

broca’s area

96
Q

What aphasia does this describe:

  • broken speech
  • frontal lobe
  • non-fluent
  • aware of deficit
  • Writing is also impaired
A

broca’s aphasia

97
Q

What aphasia does this describe:

  • word salad
  • temporal lobe
  • impaired comprehension
  • Usually unaware of deficit
A

Wernicke’s aphasia

98
Q

This aphasia often occurs in the form of infarction from occultations of the internal carotid or middle cerebral artery

The large lesion in the dominant hemisphere affects:

  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
  • Arcuate fasciculus
A

Global aphasia

99
Q

Which lobe is being described?

  • sensory cortex
  • reading
  • Perception and integration of somatosensory information (e.g. touch, pain pressure, and temperature)
A

Parietal lobe

100
Q

Which lobe is being described?

  • Mapping the visual world, spacial reason, and visual memory
  • Determining color properties of the items in the visual field
  • Assessing distance, size, and depth
A

Occipital lobe

101
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex?

A

parietal lobe

102
Q

What structure coordinates balance and voluntary movement?

A

Cerebellum

103
Q

What structure contains ascending and descending tracts

  • location for most of the cranial nerve nuclei
  • Site of the cardiovascular center
  • SIte of the respiratory system
A

Brain stem

104
Q

What external feature separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Longitudinal fissure

105
Q

What external feature separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

106
Q

What external feature separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

A

Lateral fissure

107
Q

Which of the following sulci separates the occiptal lobes from parietal and temporal lobe

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

clinical functional anatomy (12 decks)

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