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A&P 2 lecture > unit 2 test > Flashcards

unit 2 test Flashcards

1
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

capillaries

A

direct contact with tissue

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3
Q

veins

A

carry blood toward heart

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4
Q

elastic arteries

A
  • conducting
  • pressure réservoirs
  • elastin
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5
Q

muscular arteries

A
  • distributing

- muscle and tissue

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6
Q

arterioles

A
  • resistance
  • BP
  • afterload
  • between muscle art. and capillaries
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7
Q

continuous capillaries

A
  • tight junctions
  • narrow, small
  • blood brain barrier, blood thymus, blood testis
  • regulated exchange
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8
Q

fenstruated capillaries

A
  • wider

- kidneys and endocrine organs

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9
Q

discontinuous (sinusoidal) capillaries

A
  • big gaps
  • free flow
  • liver, spleen , bone marrow
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10
Q

pulmonary veins

A

transport oxygenated blood to heart from lungs

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11
Q

systemic veins

A

throughout the body

deoxygenated blood to the heart

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12
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

blood loss

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13
Q

vascular shock

A

blood vessels are too big and cant fill anymore

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14
Q

circulatory shock

A

sudden inadequate filling

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15
Q

what is the capillary exchange equation

A

NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)

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16
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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17
Q

mean arterial pressure

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

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18
Q

what factors affect blood pressure

A
  • cardiac output
  • peripheral resistance
  • blood volume
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19
Q

normal blood pressure

A

120/80

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20
Q

hypertension

A

140/90

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21
Q

hypotension

A

90/60

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22
Q

how does the velocity of blood flow change throughout the system?

A
  • as blood travels throughout the system
  • capillaries have largest area, so its slow
  • fastest in aorta
  • then increases in veins
  • the less area, the higher the velocity
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23
Q

what mechanisms regulate blood flow to the different organs

A
  • extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms
  • long term and acute auto regulation
  • reactive hyperemia
  • myogenic control
  • metabolic control
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24
Q

how does the baroreceptors work and reflex?

A
  • detecting the level of stretch on vascular walls

- send impulses to brain, to activate or stimulate cardioinhibitory center and vasomotor center

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25
Q

what are the three components of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. lymphatics- vessels
  2. lymph- fluid
  3. lymph nodes- cleansing of lymph
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26
Q

what is the path of lymph flow?

A

-lymph enters node through lymphatic vessels, then exits through the efferent side

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27
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

right upper lumbar, right head and thorax

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28
Q

thoracic duct

A

everything else

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29
Q

thymus vs. bone marrow

A

thymus- T cells

bone marrow- B cells

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30
Q

lymphedema

A

swelling, prevents normal return of lymph to blood

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31
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • cleansing of lymph
  • immune system activation
  • inguinal, axillary and cervical regions
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32
Q

spleen

A

cleansing blood, breakdown and storage

red and white pulp

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33
Q

Peyers patches and appendix functions

A
  1. destroy bacteria

2. memory lymphocytes

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34
Q

MALT’s

A
  • lymphoid tissue in mucous membranes

- tonsils, Peters patches, appendix

35
Q

structure of lymph node

A
  • bean shaped
  • follicled in cortex
  • afferent, efferent
36
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

capillaries (Captain America), vessels (vexes), trunks (Three), ducts (dudes)

37
Q

phagocytes

A

digest foreign invaders

38
Q

natural killer cells

A
  • tell cell to die

- apoptosis

39
Q

B cells

A

humoral immunity, antibodies

own activation

40
Q

T cells

A

Cellular immunity

cytotoxic

41
Q

antigen presenting cells

A
  • no specific cells

- essential in immunity

42
Q

dendritic cells

A
  • helper T cells
  • immunity
  • most effective
43
Q

macrophages

A

T cells

become hungry when activated

44
Q

CD4 cells

A
  • helper T cells
  • regulatory T cells
  • MHC II
45
Q

CD8 cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

-MHC I

46
Q

neutrophils

A

hold the line, die while fighting

47
Q

1st order of defense

A
  • innate

- external body; skin, mucous membrane

48
Q

2nd line of defense

A

-innate
-phagocytes, natural killer cells
-inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins
,fever

49
Q

3rd line of defense

A
  • adaptive
  • humoral immunity; B cells
  • cellular immunity; T cells
50
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign

51
Q

myasthenia

A

impairs communication between nerves ad skeletal muscles

52
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

destroys the myelin sheaths of the brain and spinal cord

53
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

destroys then lining of joints

54
Q

graves disease

A

thyroid land becomes hyperactive

55
Q

compliment protein

A

-pathway converges and makes C3, which splits into C3a and C3b, which initiates pathway to enhance inflammation, phagocytosis and cell lysis

56
Q

membrane attack complex (MAC)

A

form compliment components, that insert into the target cell membrane creating pores that can lyse the cell

57
Q

positive selection test

A

T cells must recognize self-MHC

58
Q

negative selection test

A

must not recognize self antigens

59
Q

active humoral immunity

A

when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them, actually having to fight something off

60
Q

passive humoral immunity

A

ready-made antibodies are introduced to the body

61
Q

naturally acquired

A

from an actual bacteria or virus

62
Q

artificially acquired

A

vaccine

63
Q

helper T cells

A
  • both arms
  • there would be no immune response without it
  • dependent and independent
64
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A
  • directly attack
  • bacteria, virus and cancer
  • lethal hit by performs and granzymes that cause apoptosis
65
Q

regulatory T cells

A
  • prevent autoimmune reactions
  • self-reactive lymphocytes
  • allograft; transplant from other human
66
Q

stages of inflammation

A
  1. chemical release
  2. vasodilation and permeability
  3. phagocyte mobilization
67
Q

chemical release

A
  • histmine
  • ECF
  • release cytokines
68
Q

vasodilation and permeability

A

hyperemia- increased blood flow
exudate- fluid and clotting
edema- increased volume fo ECF

69
Q

phagocyte mobilization

A
  1. leukocytosis- release neutrophils
  2. margination- CAM’s grab cells
  3. diapedesis- flatten and squeeze through epi.
  4. chemotaxis- tells where the injury is and leads cells to it
70
Q

what causes pain and swelling in inflammation

A

leaked fluid in tissue spaces

71
Q

what causes heat and redness in inflammation

A

hyperemia; increased blood flow

72
Q

antigens

A
  • the target
  • determinants for antibodies
  • immunogenicity; lymphocytes
  • reactivity; binding
73
Q

haptins

A
  • imcomplete antigens

- not immunogenic

74
Q

antibodies

A
  • proteins secreted by plasma to find antigens but not kill

- ig’s

75
Q

pyrogens

A

secreted by foreign subsrances

tell hypothalamus to increase temperature

76
Q

interferon

A

-warn healthy cells about the foreign cells

77
Q

opsonization

A

makes the foreign cells tasty to eat, so phagocytes with digest them

78
Q

primary immune response

A
  • never seen before
  • cell proliferation and differentiation
  • lag period 2-6 days
  • 10 days for antibodies to reach and be better
79
Q

secondary immune response

A
  • re exposure to same antigen
  • faster, prolonged, more effective
  • can only take a few hours
  • memory
80
Q

classical pathway

A
  • antibodies
  • complement fixation; antibody to antigen
  • adaptive
81
Q

lectin pathway

A

-specific sugar, lectin

82
Q

alternative pathway

A

-spontaneously bind to foreign invader

83
Q

what are the defense mechanisms used by antibodies?

A
  1. neutralization- blocking
  2. Agglutination- clumping of blood
  3. Precipitation- fall out, soluble antigens
  4. complement fixation (lysis)- splitting of cell

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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