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A&P 2 lecture > unit 4 reproductive system > Flashcards

unit 4 reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

testes

A
  • produce sperm

- deleiverd through ducts

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2
Q

what are apart of the seminiferous tubules?

A
  1. spermatogenic cells- forms sperm
  2. sustenocytes- support
  3. myoid cells
  4. interstitial endocrine cells
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3
Q

testicular cancer

A
  • mumps

- cryptorchidism

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4
Q

scrotum

A
  • 3 degree Celsius lower, necessary for production

- dartos muscle pulls close to body

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5
Q

internal penis

A
  • spongy network of CT and SM with vascular spaces

- corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa

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6
Q

male duct system

A
  1. epididymis- head body tail, microvilli
  2. ductus deferens
  3. ejaculatory duct
  4. urethera
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7
Q

seminal glands

A
  • 70% of semen

- fructose; energy for sperm

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8
Q

bublo urethral glands

A
  • think clear mucus

- pre cum to clean

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9
Q

prostate

A
  • contracts during ejaculation

- milky, acid fluid

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10
Q

prostatitis

A

-chronic; inflammatory and non

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11
Q

semen

A

alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of utrthra and vagina for mobility

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12
Q

characteristics of semen

A
  • prostaglandins- decrease viscosity
  • relaxin- sperm motality
  • atp
  • suppress female immune response
  • anabolic chemicals
  • clotting factors- keep in place
  • fibrinolysin- un clog for movement
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13
Q

what hormones do females secrete?

A
  • estrogen

- progesterone

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14
Q

what are ovarian follicles

A
  • contain oocyte, immature
  • follicle cells- 1 layer
  • granulosa cells- many layers
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15
Q

follicle stages

A
  1. primordial follicle- small, follicular
  2. more mature follicles- primary and 2nd, granulose
  3. vesicular (antral) follicle- upwards, cave around oocyte
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16
Q

corpus luteum

A

develop from reputed follicle after ovulation

produce progesterone

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17
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

oocyte is fertilized anywhere but the uterus

dangerous

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18
Q

what do cervical glands secrete

A

mucus that blocks sperm entry except in mid cycle

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19
Q

cervical cancer risks

A
  • inflammation

- STi’s- HPV

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20
Q

prolapse of the uterus

A

may skin and protrude through vagina

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21
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  1. perimentrium
  2. myometrium- contractions
  3. endometrium- stratum functionalism and basalts
22
Q

chromosomes

A
  • 46 in person
  • diploid- 23 from each parent (2n)
  • haploid (n) only 23 from 1 parent
23
Q

functions of meiosis

A
  1. number of chromosomes are cut in half

2. genetic diversity

24
Q

what are the three steps of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. mitosis of spermatogonia- stem cell into 2 spermatocytes, type a and b
  2. meiosis-form secondary spermatocytes
    M1- 2 secondary
    M2- 4
  3. spermatogenesis- becomes a sperm
25
Q

oogenesis process

A
  1. begins in fetal period
  2. oogonia multiply- prophase 1 only
  3. primary oocyte develop into primordial follicles- stops here
    - dosent complete process until pregnancy
26
Q

dominant follicle

A
  • chosen to be the one that goes through the process

- creates first polar body

27
Q

secondary oocyte

A

-stops in metaphase 2 when ovulated

28
Q

error rates

A

sperm- 3-4%

oogenesis- 20%

29
Q

what are the two ovulation phases?

A
  1. follicular phase- 1-14 days

2. luteal phase- 14-28 days, ovulation to end. always 14 days from ovulation to end

30
Q

stages of follicle development

A
  1. a primordial follicle becomes a primary follicle- prophase 1, small 1 layer
  2. primary follicle becomes secondary- granulose cells
  3. secondary becomes vesicular follicle
31
Q

what is ovulation?

A

rising levels of LH cause ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte

32
Q

luteal phase

A

-after ovulation, follicle collapses, antrum fills with blood

33
Q

corpus luteum

A
  • progesterone
  • if no pregnant. it dies off
  • if pregnant, it produces hormones until placenta takes over
34
Q

hormonal interaction during ovarian cycle

A
  1. GnRH stimulates FSH and LH
  2. FSH and LH cause follicle to grow, mature and sex hormones
  3. neg. feedback inhibit gonadotropin
  4. positive feedback stimulate gonadotropin
  5. LH surge, trigger ovulation and form corpus luteum
  6. neg feedback inhibit fSh and LH
35
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. day 1-5, menstural phase
  2. days 6-14, preovulatory phase
  3. days 15-28, postovulatory phase
36
Q

amenorrhea

A

when extreme athletes work a lot, causes period to delay and disrupt cycle
-not enough leptin

37
Q

gestation period

A

time from last period until birth 280 days

38
Q

fertilization

A

sperm and oocyte chromosomes combine

zygote formed

39
Q

viability

A
  • oocyte, 12-24 hours

- sperm, 24-48 hours

40
Q

sperm transort

A
  • most don’t make all the way

- must be capacitated to penetrate oocyte

41
Q

what are the steps for sperm to reach the oocyte?

A
  1. approach- hyaluronidase, digest connection between granulose
  2. acrosomal reaction- digest zone pellucida
  3. binding- wrap around sperm
  4. fusion of membranes- contents enter oocyte
  5. blocks od polyspermy- no more sperm can get in
42
Q

oocyte membrane block

A

sheds all the sperm binding receptors

43
Q

zone reaction blocking

A

Ca2+ surge from ER
oocyte becomes second meiotic division
cortical reaction inhibit proteins to destroy receptors for sperm

44
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin

A

is what determines if a female is pregnant or not

45
Q

what does the placenta secrete?

A
  1. human placental lactogen- maturation of breasts, grow fetus, glucose
  2. human chorionic thyrotropin- TSH
  3. relaxin- relaxes pelvis for birth
46
Q

parturition

A

culmination of pregnancy, giving birth to baby

47
Q

labor

A

series of events that expel the baby

48
Q

what effects does increased estrogen have?

A
  • oxytocin receptors

- antagonizes calming effects of progesterone- Braxton hicks

49
Q

what are the three stages of labor?

A
  1. dilation stage- 10 cm
  2. expulsion stage- crowning, episiotomy(cutting tag for baby), vertex(head), breech (butt)
  3. placental stage-after birth, delivering placenta
50
Q

what are some characteristics of lactation?

A

2-3 days until true milk comes

secrete colostrum- lots of minerals and enzymes

51
Q

what does suckling do?

A
  • lactation is sustained
  • prolactin
  • oxytocin
52
Q

what are the advantages of breastfeeding?

A
  1. fats, iron, amino acids and easily metabolized
  2. host of beneficial chemicals- glycoprotein, helicobacter pylori
  3. bacterial colonization of gut
  4. natural laxative to clean bowel and make first movement

A&P 2 lecture (12 decks)

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