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Older Adults Part 3 > 1.3 Synergistic Care of Patient's with Multi-System Complex Problems of Immunology > Flashcards

1.3 Synergistic Care of Patient's with Multi-System Complex Problems of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Types of WBC

A

There are 5 types of WBC

  • Neutrophils
  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

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2
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • First to respond to inflammation

- Most abundant WBC

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3
Q

Antigen

A
  • An antibody (immunoglobin) is a protein substance developed by the body in response to an antigen
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4
Q

Antibody and Antigen

A
  • Antibodies destroy antigens by activation of a complement (what initiates the cascade). This attracts Killer T Cells and Macrophages.
  • IT IS NOT JUST BINDING
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5
Q

Immune Response to Antigen

A
  • Usually involves both humoral and cellular responses.
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6
Q

Immunoglobins

A

IgG - Activates the complement system (which initiates immune response). (Antibodies)
IgM - First to respond to an antigen
IgE - Allergies
IgA - In mucosal cells
IgD - B-Cell antigen receptor and B-Cell maintenance/maturation

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7
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • Target viruses and cancer
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8
Q

Immunomodulators

A
  • Biological Response Modifiers
  1. Interferons
  2. Colony-Stimulating Factors
  3. Monoclonal Antibodies
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9
Q

Immune System (Humoral vs Cellular Response)

A

Humoral Response
- B-Cells which maturate in bone marrow and produce memory/plasma cells. Plasma cells become antibodies

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Response
- T-Cells which maturate in the thymus. Regulator T-cells become helper and suppressor T-cells. Effector T-Cells become Cytotoxic T-Cells.

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10
Q

Immunity

A
  • Body’s specific protective response to invading foreign agents/organisms
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11
Q

Central Lymphoid Tissue

A
  • Bone Marrow and Thymus
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12
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Tissue

A
  • Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Appendix, Adenoids Peyer Patches, Intestinal Lymphoid Tissue
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13
Q

Natural Immunity (Innate Immunity)

A
  • Non-specific
  • First line of defense against pathogens

INCLUDES

  • Inflammatory Response
  • WBC Action (Releasing cell mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and phagocytize foreign substances)
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14
Q

Acquired Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)

A
  • Specific Against Foreign Antigens (body recognizes foreign invaders and elicits an immune response)
  • Acquired through having a disease or vaccine (prior exposure to antigen)
  • Involves T-cells and B-lymphocytes
  • Targets a specific antigen

Active/Passive

  • Active (Defenses that we develop within our own body and are long lasting)
  • Passive (Temporary, borrowed immunity. These include when infant’s breastfeed or having an immunoglobin injection)
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15
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Neutrophils - Phagocytosis
Natural Killer Cells - Non-specific cellular antigen destruction (virus and cancer)
Dendritic Cells - Antigen presentation (marks antigens for specific immune response)
Monocytes - Become macrophages for phagocytosis

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16
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A
  • These include B-cells and T-cells

B-Cells
Memory Cells - Rapid antibody response to subsequent antigen recognition
Plasma Cells - Secrete antibody IgG

T-Cells
Cytotoxic Cells - Specific cellular antigen destruction
Helper Cells - Activation of Cytotoxic Cells (antigen-specific T-cells)

17
Q

Humoral Response

A

B-Lymphocytes

  • Memory Cells
  • Antibodies secreted from plasma cells IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Primary Adaptive Immune Response
- Activation with first recognition of specific antigen

Secondary Adaptive Immune Response
- Reactivation with later recognition of same antigen

18
Q

Cell-Mediated Response

A
  • Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8)

- Helper T-Lymphocytes (CD4)

19
Q

4 Stages of Immune Response

A
20
Q

Stage 1 - Recognition

A
  • Recognition of a foreign antigen
  • Use of lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance
  • Lymphocytes circulate from blood to lymph node in a continuous cycle
  • MARCOPHAGES HELP LYMPHOCYTES PROCESS ANTIGENS
  • Macrophages and neutrophils have receptors for both antibodies and complements. They are attracted to antigens coated with either antibodies and complement which helps enhance phagocytosis.
21
Q

Stage 2 - Proliferation Phase

A
  • Circulating lymphocytes containing the antigenic message return to nearest lymph node
  • This stimulates the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes turn into Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
B-Lymphocytes release antibodies (Plasma Cells)

22
Q

Stage 3 - Response Stage

A
  • Production of antibodies by B-lymphocytes (Plasma Cell) to respond to specific antigen
  • Stimulation of lymphocytes to become T-cells
  • Viral cells produce a cellular response (not bacterial)
  • Both humoral and cellular responses are involved in the immune response but 1 usually predominates.
23
Q

Stage 4 - Effector Stage

A

Humoral Immunity
- Production of antibodies

Cellular T-Cells
- Killing of antigen with cytotoxic T-cells

24
Q

Immune Response to Invasion

A

Phagocytic Response

  • WBC ingests foreign particles and destroys invading agents
  • Apoptosis - Programmed cell death

Humoral/Antibody Response
- B-Lymphocyte response

Cellular Immune Response
- T-Lymphocyte cytotoxic t-cell response

25
Q

Humoral Response

A
  • Antigen Recognition (B-lymphocytes)
  • Antibodies (defenders) (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG) defend against foreign invaders.
  • Agglutination is the process of opsonization (clumping together) which targets antibodies for destruction.
26
Q

Cellular Immune Response

A
  • T-cells directly attacking the invader
  • Secretion of cytokines and the stimulation of the immune response
  • Helper T-cells stimulate the immune response, Cytotoxic T-cells attack the foreign agent, suppressor T-cells suppress the immune system.
27
Q

Null Cells

A
  • Destroy antigen-coated antibodies
28
Q

Complement System

A
  • Circulating plasma proteins (made in the liver) is activated when an antibody and antigen bind together. (Important defense against microbes)
  • Only 1 antibody can attach to a specific antigen

ACTIVATION PATHWAYS
Classic Pathway - Antigen/Antibody Complexes
MB-Lectin Pathway - Lectin binds to pathogen surface
Alternative Pathway - Pathogen Surfaces

Complement system recruits inflammatory cells, opsonization of pathogens (marking for destruction) and killing of pathogen.

Older Adults Part 3 (54 decks)

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