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Ellie-NUR 265 > Thorax and Lungs > Flashcards

Thorax and Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

upper airway is

A

frontal sinuses to epiglottis

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2
Q

lower airway is

A

larynx and vocal cords to lungs

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3
Q

anterior reference lines

A
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4
Q

posterior reference lines

A
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5
Q

lateral reference lines

A
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6
Q

infant respiratory development

A

continuation of alveolar development
respiratory rate is higher
second-hand smoke can cause asthma, respiratory infections, and ear infections

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7
Q

pregnancy respiratory development

A

elevation of diaphragm
relaxation of chest ligaments=circumference of chest cage by 6 cm
increased tidal volume

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8
Q

older adult respiratory development

A

calcification of cartilage
thorax is less mobile
decrease muscle strength
less elasticity in lungs
skeletal changes

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9
Q

what is the most common chronic disease in children

A

asthma

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10
Q

respiratory health history questions

A

Cough, sputum production
Shortness of breath (when does that occur)
Wheezing, snoring
Chest pain with breathing
Orthopnea
History of respiratory infections
Smoking history
TB exposure or testing
CXR and why
Environmental exposure
Self-care behaviors

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11
Q

what are risk factors for respiratory problems

A

obesity
sedentary
genetics
surgical patients

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12
Q

inspection during assessment

A

shape and configuration of chest wall (90 degrees)
AP to transverse diameter (AP/Lateral…1:2)
respirations
use of accessory muscles, retractions (can see intercostal spaces) (should be no use of accessory muscles or retraction)
position of patient (relaxed)
level of consciousness
skin color and condition
facial expression

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13
Q

what are abnormal findings configurations of the thorax

A

Barrel chest
Pectus excavatum
Pectus carinatum
Scoliosis
Kyphosis

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14
Q
A

barrel chest

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15
Q
A

normal chest- 1:2
barrel chest- 1:1

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16
Q
A

pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)

17
Q
A

pectus excavatum

18
Q

abnormal findings respiratory patterns

A

Sigh- emotional dysfunction
Tachypnea
Bradypnea
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Biot’s respiration

19
Q

what is tachypnea

A

shallow and fast
respirations >24
can be caused by exercise, fever, pneumonia, low hemoglobin

20
Q

bradypnea

A

shallow and slow
respirations<10
can be caused by narcotics, sedatives, diabetic coma

21
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

fast deep breaths
can be caused by fever, anxiety, extreme exertion, diabetic ketoacidosis, increase of co2 and decrease of o2

22
Q

hypoventilation

A

slow deep breaths
can be caused by overdose of narcotics or anesthesia

23
Q

what is cheyne-stokes respiration

A

The pattern involves a period of fast, shallow breathing followed by slow, heavier breathing and moments without any breath at all, called apneas.

24
Q

what is biot’s respiration

A

regular breathing pattern all the sudden becoming apnea (usually caused by brain injury)

25
Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

early:
restlessness
anxiety
tachycardia/tachypnea

late:
bradycardia
extreme restlessness
dyspnea (severe)

26
Q

symptoms of hypoxia in peds

A

feeding difficulty
inspiratory stridor
nares flare
expiratory grunting
sternal retractions

27
Q

what do you feel for when you palpate the chest wall

A

crepitus (due to leaking air) and chest tenderness

28
Q

what to look for with tactile fremitus

A

vibration
(have them say “99”)

29
Q

where are vesicular breath sounds heard best

A

at the base

30
Q

what are adventitious lung sounds

A

abnormal

31
Q

what are some discontinuous lung sounds

A

crackles (fine and course)
atelectactic

32
Q

what are some continuous lung sounds

A

wheeze- sibilant
wheeze- sonorous rhonchi
stridor
pleural friction rub

33
Q

how to assess egophony

A

have patient say “e” (sounds like “a”)

34
Q

how to assess bronchophony

A

have patient say “99” (sounds like “99” clearly-normal is muffled)

35
Q

how to assess whispered pectoriloquy

A

have patient whisper “1, 2, 3” (sounds like “1, 2, 3” clearly- normal is muffled)

36
Q

assessment of common conditions

A

normal
pneumonia
asthma
pleural effusions (fluid)…heart failure, pneumonia
pneumothorax (hole in lung)

Ellie-NUR 265 (10 decks)

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