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PSYCH 241 > Block 1 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Block 1 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The branch of psychological science that is mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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2
Q

Need to Belong

A

A strong natural impulse in humans to form social connections and to be accepted by others.

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3
Q

Levels of Analysis

A

Complementary views for analyzing and understanding a phenomenon.

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4
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by observing the behavior of others

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

a possible explanation that can be tested through research

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6
Q

Attraction

A

The psychological process of being sexually interested in another person. This can include, for example, physical attraction, first impressions, and dating rituals.

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7
Q

Blind to the research hypothesis

A

When participants in research are not aware of what is being studied.

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8
Q

Attitude

A

a way of thinking or feeling about a target that is often reflected in a person’s behaviour, examples of attitude targets are individuals, concepts, and groups

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9
Q

Stereotyping

A

A mental process of using information shortcuts about a group to effectively navigate social situations or make decisions.

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10
Q

Prejudice

A

an evaluation or emotion toward people based merely on their group membership

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

behaviour that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership

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12
Q

Stigmatized Group

A

A group that suffers from social disapproval based on some characteristic that sets them apart from the majority.

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13
Q

Culture of Honor

A

A culture in which personal or family reputation is especially important.

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14
Q

Research Confederate

A

a person working with a researcher, posing as a research participant or bystander

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15
Q

Research Participant

A

A person being studied as part of a research program.

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16
Q

Social Influence

A

when one person causes a change in attitude or behaviour in another person, whether intentionally or not

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17
Q

Conformity

A

changing one’s attitude or behaviour to match a perceived social norm

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18
Q

Obedience

A

Responding to an order or command from a person in a position of authority.

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19
Q

Reciprocity

A

The act of exchanging goods or services. By giving a person a gift, the principle of reciprocity can be used to influence others; they then feel obligated to give back.

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20
Q

Social Cognition

A

The way people process and apply information about others.

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21
Q

Social Attribution

A

The way a person explains the motives or behaviors of others.

22
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to emphasize another person’s personality traits when describing that person’s motives and behaviors and overlooking the influence of situational factors.

23
Q

How is social psychology scientific?

A

applies the scientific method of systematic observation, measurement, and description to the human condition

24
Q

How does social psychology focus on the individual?

A

Even in groups, emphasize the individual. Emphasis on social nature of individuals, but sometimes examine non-social factors that influence a person

25
Q

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Sociology?

A

Sociology tends to focus on the group, not the individual. Social psych is more likely to involve experiments. Main differences are level of analysis and methodology.

26
Q

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Sociology?

A

violence, prejudice, cultural differences, overall very similar

27
Q

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology?

A

Social psych does not focus on disorders

28
Q

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Clinical Psychology?

A

study bullying, depression, and self esteem

29
Q

What are the differences between Social Psychology and Personality Psychology?

A

Personality Psych is more concerned with cross-situational consistency and stability

30
Q

What are the similarities between Social Psychology and Personality Psychology?

A

Both are concerned with individuals feelings and behaviours

31
Q

What is the interactionist perspective?

A

interested in both individual differences and the effects of situational factors

32
Q

What is the relationship between Social Psychology and Common Sense?

A

The “knew-it-all-along” phenomenon. Common sense seems to explain many social psychological findings after the fact. But unlike common sense, social psychology uses the scientific method to put it’s theories to the test.

33
Q

What is the main difference between research and experience?

A

The most important reason not to base beliefs solely on personal experience is that when we do so, we usually do not take a comparison group into account

34
Q

What is a comparison group?

A

See what would happen both with and without the thing you’re interested in

35
Q

How are experiences confounded?

A

a confound occurs when you think one thing caused an outcome but in fact other things changed too, so it is not clear what the cause really was

36
Q

What are solutions to confounding variables?

A

In the real world, it is hard to isolate variables. In a research setting, scientists can use careful controls to be sure they are changing only one factor at a time

37
Q

Why do personal experiences sometimes contradict research?

A

Influences are not expected to explain all cases all the time. Conclusions of research are meant to explain a certain proportion of the possible cases. Scientific conclusions are based on patterns that emerge only when researchers set up comparison groups and test many people.

38
Q

What is the relationship between research and your intuition?

A

People think that intuition is a good source of information, but intuition can lead us to make less effective decisions, because we are biased. We might be biased without thinking, or recognize bias but do nothing about it

39
Q

What are the two categories of biases of intuition?

A

thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think

40
Q

What is the bias of thinking the easy way?

A

Accepting the “good story” or the conclusion that “makes sense”

41
Q

What is the present/present bias?

A

Need to notice the absence of something, easier to notice something is present

42
Q

What is the pop-up principle?

A

The availability heuristic, things that easily come to mind guide our thinking

43
Q

What is the bias of thinking what we want to think?

A

“cherry-picking” the evidence, confidence is not evidence, we want to think we are right

44
Q

What is a theory?

A

an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain observed phenomena, evaluated on simplicity, comprehensiveness and generativity

45
Q

What are conceptual variables?

A

Things such as prejudice, conformity, attraction, love, group pressure, social anxiety, typically thought of in abstract general terms

46
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable

47
Q

What are self reports?

A

participants disclose their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions

48
Q

What are the problems with self-reports?

A

Accuracy (desire to look good), wording and order (way questions are asked), memory problems (prone to remember experience wrong)

49
Q

What are Observer Effects?

A

Changing behavior (reacting) because someone is watching. Occurs not only with human participants but also with other animals. Computer generated face had the same effects as a real person would.

50
Q

What are solutions to minimize observer effects?

A

Makes= unobtrusive observations, wait it out, or use unobtrusive data

PSYCH 241 (12 decks)

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