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PSYCH 241 > Block 4 (Part 1) > Flashcards

Block 4 (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Stereotypes

A

a belief that characterizes people based merely on their group membership

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2
Q

Prejudice

A

an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership

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3
Q

Discrimination

A

behavior that advantages or disadvantages people merely based on their group membership

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4
Q

Blatant Biases

A

conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people are perfectly willing to admit, are mostly hostile, and openly favor their own group

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5
Q

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

A

describes a belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies and even good, to maintain order and stability

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6
Q

Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA)

A

focuses on value conflicts but endorses respect for obedience and authority in the service of group conformity

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7
Q

Subtle Biases

A

automatic, ambiguous, and ambivalent, but real in their consequences

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8
Q

Automatic

A

automatic biases are unintended, immediate, and iressistible

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9
Q

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

A

measures relatively automatic biases that favor own group relative to other groups

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10
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

notes that people categorize each other into groups, favoring their own group

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11
Q

Self-Categorization Theory

A

develops social identity theory’s point that people categorize themselves, along with each other into groups, favoring their own group

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12
Q

Aversive Racism

A

is unexamined racial bias that the person does not intend and would reject, but that avoids inter-racial contact

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13
Q

Model Minority

A

a minority group whose members are perceived as achieving a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average

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14
Q

Stereotype Content Model

A

shows that social groups are viewed according to their perceived warmth and competence

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15
Q

What are attribution theories?

A

a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior

Heider: explanations can be grouped into two categories; personal attributions and situational attributions

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16
Q

What are personal attributions?

A

attribution to internal characteristics of the actor

their ability, personality, mood, or effort

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17
Q

What are situational attributions?

A

attributes the events to factors external to the actor

the task, other people, luck

18
Q

What is Jones’s correspondent inference theory?

A

people try to infer from an action whether the act itself corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor

people make inferences on the basis of 3 factors: person’s degree of choice, expectedness of behavior, intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior

19
Q

What does a person’s degree of choice affect others inferences?

A

behavior that is chosen is more indicative then that which is forced

20
Q

What does the expectedness of the behavior affect others inferences?

A

people think they know more about a person when they deviate from norms

21
Q

What do intended effects or consequences of someone’s behavior affect others inferences?

A

acts that produce a single desired outcome tell us more about a person’s motives

22
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

when we explain other people’s behavior we tend to: overestimate the role of personal factors and overlook the impact of the situation

23
Q

What is the support for the Two-Step Model?

A

people often form quick impressions based on a brief sample of behavior

more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error when one is cognitively busy or distracted

Heider: people see dispositions in behavior because of a perceptual bias

Taylor and Fiske (1975): seating arrangements of observers influenced evaluations of the actors

24
Q

What is one explanation of the primacy effect?

A

once we think we have formed an accurate impression of someone, we pay less attention to subsequent information

people differ in their need for closure

desire to reduce ambiguity

primacy effect less likely to occur for those who are lower in their need for closure

25
Q

What is the change in meaning hypothesis?

A

once we formed an impression, we start to interpret inconsistent information in light of that impression

the meaning of a trait can be malleable

26
Q

What is the perseverance of beliefs?

A

sticking to initial beliefs even after these beliefs have been discredited

even in the face of contradictory information, people will still maintain their beliefs especially is they sought out supporting information

27
Q

How is the conformity hypothesis tested?

A

tendency to seek information that supports our existing views

ask loaded questions to force people to give answers that support our hypotheses

do not occur when people are: not certain of their beliefs, concerned with accuracy, when allowed to prepare their own interviews

28
Q

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

the process by which perceiver’s expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations

Rosenthal and Jackson (1968): Pygmalion in the classroom

teacher’s expectations significantly predicted their student’s performance

29
Q

What is the relationship between culture and attribution?

A

cultures shape the kinds of attributions we make about people, their behavior and social situations

differences in situational vs. personal attributions

focus on focal individual or actor rather than the background or field

bicultural social perceivers

30
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traits

31
Q

What is prejudice?

A

feelings about others because of their connection to a social group

32
Q

What is discrimination?

A

behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group

33
Q

What is the relationship between culture/cognition and stereotype formation?

A

affect how and when we will categorize people

factors include: family, media, socialization

34
Q

What is the relationship between social categorization and stereotype formation?

A

the classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

save time and effort

leads us to: overestimate differences between groups, underestimate differences within groups

35
Q

What is the relationship between ingroups/outgroups and stereotype formation?

A

ingroups: groups you identify with
outgroups: groups you do not identify with

consequences: exaggerate differences, outgroup homogeneity effect

36
Q

Why are outgroups seen as homogenous?

A

little personal contact with them

do not encounter a representative sample

new neuroscience research examining this effect, showed more activity when faces were labelled as part of the ingroup

37
Q

What are illusory correlations?

A

overestimate of the association between variables that are slightly or not at all correlated

two processes:
overestimate the association between distinctive variables
overestimate the association between variables that they expect to go together

38
Q

How does the fundamental attribution error perpetuate stereotypes?

A

interpret stereotype consistent information as a result of internal causes

interpret stereotype inconsistent information as a result of external causes

39
Q

What is subtyping?

A

people will often create subgroups of the larger group to explain individuals who are discrepant with this stereotype

40
Q

What are contrast effects?

A

a tendency to perceive stimuli that differ from expectations as being even more different than they really are

41
Q

What are confirmation biases?

A

people often process information in a manner that will confirm our expectations

especially when behavior is ambiguous

people seek information that will confirm the stereotype

42
Q

How do self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to stereotypes?

A

our stereotypes can cause us to treat others in ways that encourage them to behave in a stereotypical manner

PSYCH 241 (12 decks)

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