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ABA > Quiz 4 (Ch. 4 + 5) > Flashcards

Quiz 4 (Ch. 4 + 5) Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

long-lasting change in behavior as result of exp.

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2
Q

How do we learn?

A

operant conditioning, respondent conditioning

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3
Q

operant conditoning

A

we learn what we do and what not to do based on consequences of behavior

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4
Q

Conditioning is synonymous with?

A

learning

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5
Q

ABCs of behavior

A

antecedent -> behavior -> consequence

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6
Q

antecedent

A

what happens before behavior occurs

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7
Q

consequence

A

what happens after behavior occurs

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8
Q

reinforcement

A

one of the first basic principles investigated by behavior scientists

-occurrence of behavior followed by consequence -> strengthened behavior in dimensions

-earliest reinforcement by Thorndike -> phenomenon of effect

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9
Q

operant behavior

A

strengthened through reinforcement and acts on environment to produce consequence and controlled by/occurs again as result of consequence (reinforcer)

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

behavioral occurrence followed by stimulus (reinforcer) or INCREASE in intensity of stimulus -> strengthens behavior

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

behavioral occurrence followed by REMOVAL of stimulus (adverse stimulus) or DECREASE in intensity -> strengthens behavior

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12
Q

stimulus

A

event detected by one of the senses and can influence person from physical or social environment (behavior of person/others)

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13
Q

positive reinforcer

A

in positive reinforcement, stimulus appearing after behavior (something PLEASANT that person tries to get)

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14
Q

adverse stimulus

A

negative reinforcement -> stimulus removed/avoided after behavior (something UNPLEASANT)

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15
Q

social reinforcement

A

when behavior produces reinforcement through actions of other person

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16
Q

automatic reinforcement

A

when behavior produces reinforcing consequence by contact with physical environment

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17
Q

Premack principle

A

type of positive reinforcement involving chance to engage in high-probability or desired behavior as consequence for low-probability or undesired behavior

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18
Q

escape behavior

A

behavior occurrence results in termination in adverse stimulus that was present when behavior occurred

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19
Q

avoidance behavior

A

occurrence of behavior prevents aversive stimulus from occurring with warning stimulus

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20
Q

unconditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus that’s naturally reinforcing because the capacity for behavior to be strengthened by stimuli has survival value

-no prior conditioned needed to function as punisher

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21
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

stimulus that’s once neutral but established as a reinforcer by being paired with unconditioned reinforcer or established reinforcer

22
Q

token

A

neutral stimulus used as conditioned reinforcer to modify behavior in a token reinforcement program

23
Q

token reinforcement program

A

token presented after desired behavior and exchanged for other reinforcers (backup reinforcers)

24
Q

generalized conditioned reinforcer

A

conditioned reinforcer paired with various reinforcers

-effectiveness of reinforcer influenced by various factors, including immediacy and consistency of consequence, motivating operations, magnitude to reinforcement, and individual differences

25
Q

immediacy

A

time between behavior occurrence and consequences is important for consequence to be effective as a reinforcer, it should occur immediately after response (instance of behavior)

26
Q

contingency

A

when response produces consequence and consequence doesn’t occur unless response occurs first (i.e., key -> ignition)

27
Q

motivating operations (MO)

A

stimulus or event that alters value of reinforcer or probability of behavior that produces reinforcer

28
Q

2 types of MO

A

1) establishing operation (EO)
2) abolishing operation (AO)

29
Q

establishing operation (EO)

A

makes reinforcer MORE potent (effective)

30
Q

abolishing operation (AO)

A

makes reinforcement LESS potent (i.e., full -> X food)

31
Q

deprivation

A

EO that increases effectiveness of unconditioned and conditioned reinforcers (i.e., food, attention and $ for those who don’t have)

32
Q

satiation

A

person recently consumed a big amount of a reinforcer or had substantial exposure to a a reinforced stimulus

-effect drains over time and reinforcer gets stronger

33
Q

individual differences

A

likelihood of condition being a reinforcer varies from person to person

34
Q

magnitude

A

characteristics of stimulus related to power as reinforcer

35
Q

schedules of reinforcement

A

specifies if all responses are followed by reinforcement or only some

36
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)

A

EACH occurrence of response reinforced

37
Q

intermittent reinforcement schedule

A

each occurrence of response ISN’T reinforced, only OCCASIONALLY

38
Q

acquisition

A

person acquires new behavior w/ CRF

39
Q

maintenance

A

behavior maintained over time with use of INTERMITTENT reinforcement

-more effective

40
Q

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

A

deliver of reinforcer is based on # of responses that occur

-doesn’t change, used in school or work

41
Q

variable ratio

A

delivery of reinforcer is based on number of responses that occur, but number of responses VARIES around an average number

42
Q

concurrent schedule of reinforcement

A

all schedules of reinforcement in effect for person’s behavior AT ONCE

-behavior concurrently available are concurrent operants

43
Q

response effort

A

amount of force or time involved in executing a response

-increase in response effort -> low-probability, in contrast to functionally equivalent alternative behavior

44
Q

Concurrent schedule of reinforcement that shows engagement results in?

A

-more frequent reinforcement

-greater magnitude

-more immediacy

-less response effect

45
Q

extinction

A

behavior previously reinforced that no longer results in reinforced consequences -> stops occurring in future

46
Q

extinction burst

A

once behavior isn’t reinforced, it increases briefly in frequency, duration or intensity before it decreases and stops

-novel behavior (don’t typically occur) may occur briefly

-emotional responses may occur

47
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

behavior may occur again even if it hasn’t occurred for some time

-if extinction is still in place, behavior won’t continue for long

48
Q

procedural variations

A

behavior may under extinction regardless of it maintained by positive or negative reinforcement

-if behavior is positively reinforced, extinction withholds consequence delivered after behavior

-extinction of negative reinforcement involves eliminating escape or avoidance

49
Q

2 factors influencing extinction?

A

1) reinforced schedule before extinction
-determines if extinction results in rapid/gradual decrease

-when behavior is continuously reinforced, it decreases rapidly once reinforcer is terminated

-when intermittently reinforced, its gradual, change from reinforcement to extinction is more discriminable when behavior is reinforced every time

2) occurrence of reinforcer after extinction

50
Q

Intermittent reinforcement before extinction produces?

A

resistance to extinction (behavior persists once extinction is implemented)

-continuous reinforcement before extinction produces less resistance after an increase

ABA (18 decks)

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