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AP Bio > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What can selective pressure lead to?

A

Genetic changes (sometimes punctuated equilibrium)

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2
Q

What is hybridization?

A

Process of an animal/plant breeding with another species

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3
Q

What is a theory?

A

A well-supported explanation of the natural world based upon observation and experimentation

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4
Q

How do hypotheses work?

A

They have a base, and experiments are made to disprove them. If they can’t be disproven, they turn into theories

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5
Q

What are theories used for?

A

Explain known phenomena and predict new events

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6
Q

What has to be done if a theory no longer functions to explain known phenomena?

A

It needs to be changed or modified

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7
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of organisms of the same species

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8
Q

What is a species?

A

A group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding (with exceptions)

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9
Q

What are some examples of exceptions to the definition of a species?

A

Baltimore Oriole and Bullocks Oriole

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10
Q

What is fitness?

A

A measure of an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in an environment

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11
Q

What is a way we measure evolution?

A

Fitness

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12
Q

Evolution doesn’t always lead to…

A

Speciation

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13
Q

What is a genetic drift?

A

A change in the frequency of a gene within a population due to mutation

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14
Q

What is a genetic flow?

A

A change in the frequency of a gene within a population due to migration

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15
Q

What is an example of genetic flow?

A

Fox squirrels

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16
Q

What is pre-zygotic isolation?

A

When sperm can’t fertilize the egg

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17
Q

What is post-zygotic isolation?

A

When hybrid species are made, but they’re sterile (can’t reproduce)

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18
Q

What is a cline?

A

A gradual change of a character or feature in a species over a geographical area

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19
Q

What does cline lead to?

A

Speciation

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20
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Occurs when 2 populations are living in separate environments and therefore there is no gene flow. They will differentiate to the point where they are distinct species

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21
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

When 2 members of a species become reproductively isolated and diverge without physical separation

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22
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Process when favorable traits become more common and unfavorable traits become less common

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23
Q

What is inter specific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of different species

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24
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between individuals of same species

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25
Q

What are the 4 elements that evolution by natural selection can be thought of?

A

Variation, Inheritance, Selection, and Time

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26
Q

What causes variation?

A

Mutations, sexual reproduction, and migration

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27
Q

What are mutations caused by?

A

Random changes in the DNA

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28
Q

Are mutations considered good or bad most of the time?

A

Bad because they usually hinder an organism’s chances at survival

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29
Q

What happens during sexual reproduction?

A

Existing DNA is rearranged

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30
Q

What happens during migration?

A

Genes entering or leaving a population

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31
Q

How does inheritance happen?

A

Traits are passed down from parents to offspring

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32
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Populations show little change for most of their geological history, but when phenotype evolution does occur, it is in rare and rapid events of branching speciation

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33
Q

Individuals that are best suited for the environment will…

A

Survive and reproduce more

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34
Q

What does punctuated equilibrium lead to?

A

Branching speciation (cladogenesis)

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35
Q

What is an allele?

A

One or two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation

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36
Q

Speciation is the result of _________, but evolution doesn’t always result in __________

A

Evolution, speciation

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37
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Drugs that inhibit or abolish the growth of micro-organisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans

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38
Q

What was the term antibiotic originally used to refer to?

A

Any agent with biological activity against living organisms

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39
Q

What is the term antibiotic used to refer to now?

A

Substances with anti-bacterial, anti-fungi, or anti-parasitical activity

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40
Q

What causes death of living tissue?

A

Anthrax

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41
Q

What are some misuses of antibiotics?

A

Incomplete treatment and over-prescribing antibiotics, especially for viral infections

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42
Q

Antibiotic resistance may be due to things like…

A

Increasing use of antibacterial soap

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43
Q

What do viruses spread by?

A

Arisols

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44
Q

What is science?

A

The body of knowledge that exists about the world and the method used to obtain that knowledge

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45
Q

What is a phenomenon?

A

A fact, occurrence, or circumstance observed

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46
Q

What is data?

A

Facts and observations gathered and recorded about a problem

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47
Q

What is an experiment?

A

An organized, purposeful test in which certain conditions are changed

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48
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

When testing a single hypothesis only one variable is allowed to change (experimental variable) and all other factors are held constant (control)

49
Q

The experimental value…

A

Changes

50
Q

The controlled variable…

A

Stays the same

51
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A possible explanation of a phenomenon or solution to a problem, based upon observations made and facts gathered

52
Q

What do hypotheses have to be?

A

Testable and falsifiable

53
Q

How are hypotheses often written?

A

As an if/then statement

54
Q

What is a theory?

A

A logical explanation of a natural event, based on the results of experiments and observations

55
Q

Theories must be able to…

A

Explain known phenomena and predict new events

56
Q

What is a law?

A

A statement that describes a natural phenomenon; a principle

57
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

A logical method that utilizes a series of steps to investigate a problem or phenomenon

58
Q

What are observations obtained from?

A

A particular pattern or natural phenomenon (known facts are gathered)

59
Q

What is data?

A

Information that scientists gather that may lead to a solution. It comes from observations and known facts

60
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

Statement made about hypothesis based on the results of the experiment (addresses problem and accuracy of hypothesis)

61
Q

How can a theory be formulated?

A

Over time and with repeated testing

62
Q

Theories must be changed or rejected when…

A

They are contradicted by experimentation

63
Q

Scientific theory is…

A

Not an opinion, it is based on the results of many experiments conducted by different scientists throughout the world

64
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life and living things

65
Q

Name the first characteristic all organisms share

A

Use energy for life processes (metabolism)

66
Q

Name the second characteristic organisms share?

A

Made up of one or more cells (basic unit of life)

67
Q

Name the third characteristic that all organisms share?

A

Typically have a definite form and limited size

68
Q

Name the fourth characteristic all organisms share?

A

Have a limited life span

69
Q

Name the fifth characteristic all organisms share

A

They can grow

70
Q

Name the sixth characteristic all organisms share

A

Respond to changes in their environment

71
Q

Name the seventh characteristic all organisms share?

A

Able to reproduce

72
Q

Name the last characteristic all organisms share

A

Able to carry out life processes in order to create a stable inherent environment that promotes life (homeostasis)

73
Q

A life process is when…

A

Organisms take in materials from external environment and change them into forms useful to life

74
Q

What are nutrients?

A

Substances organisms need to live

75
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Taking in food from the environment

76
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of complex food materials into simpler, usable forms

77
Q

Define the life process of transporting

A

When organisms control the movement in and out of cells (circulatory system)

78
Q

Define the life process respiration

A

When chemical energy from nutrients that are needed in life is released (done through mitochondria)

79
Q

Define the life process synthesis

A

When organisms combine simple substances to form complex substances (usually employs products of digestion)

80
Q

Define the life process assimilation

A

When organisms incorporate materials into their bodies, making them part of their structure

81
Q

What is a result of assimilation?

A

An increase in the size of an organism; growth

82
Q

Growth often follows…

A

A particular pattern and may have defined limits

83
Q

Define the life process excretion

A

When organisms remove waste materials, the products of chemical reactions, from their bodies

84
Q

Define the life process homeostasis

A

When organisms incorporate many regulatory processes to capacitate stability while adjusting to conditions

85
Q

What are some systems we have to carry out homeostasis?

A

Digestive endocrine, excretory, nervous, and transport systems

86
Q

Define the life process reproduction

A

When organisms produce new organisms of their own kind

87
Q

Define the life process metabolism

A

When organisms build and break down complex substances and release energy by series of chemical reactions

88
Q

How thick is the crust under the continents?

A

40 km thick

89
Q

What are planets formed by?

A

Gravitational collapse

90
Q

What was the earth formed as?

A

A rocky, sterile ball with a lot of minerals

91
Q

Violent volcanism lead to the formation of…

A

An atmosphere

92
Q

What formed the seas?

A

Condensation of water vapor

93
Q

Organic molecules were…

A

Synthesized from atmospheric gases (violent electrical storms)

94
Q

What happened 4 billion years ago?

A

The first living things appeared in the oceans

95
Q

Water protected early life from what?

A

Deadly UV radiations

96
Q

What contributed to the oxygen in the atmosphere?

A

Photosynthesis by early organisms

97
Q

Where did the ozone layer form?

A

In the upper atmosphere

98
Q

The ozone layer…

A

Blocked out most of the ultra violent radiation

99
Q

What was deadly to early life and mutagenic even today?

A

Ultra violent radiation

100
Q

Life spread to…

A

Shallow, coastal waters and eventually to dry land

101
Q

Early life included what?

A

Bacteria

102
Q

The Earth’s crust floats on what?

A

A semi-fluid mantle which is heated by the core

103
Q

Mantle currents are formed by…

A

The heating and cooling of flowing mantle material

104
Q

Convection current-circulation is caused when…

A

Heated, less dense material rises and is displaced by cooler, denser material

105
Q

Mantle material _____ to the crust and _______ to the sides. Mantle material _____ and ____ to the interior

A

Rises, expands. Cools, sinks

106
Q

What is the continental crust made out of?

A

Granite

107
Q

What breaks apart organic molecules?

A

UV radiation

108
Q

What is an example of artificial selection?

A

Heike crabs

109
Q

What did humans do to plants and animals to domesticate them?

A

Artificially selected

110
Q

How was the first nucleus formed?

A

Infolding of plasma membrane formed a double membrane

111
Q

Why do we need plants more than they need us?

A

There is carbon dioxide without us, but there is no oxygen without plants

112
Q

What would aliens most likely be?

A

Bacteria because it is the simplest form of life

113
Q

What type of blood cells have a nucleus?

A

White blood cells

114
Q

What replaces thiamine in RNA?

A

Uracil

115
Q

What protects DNA on a nuclear level?

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

116
Q

What unwinds the DNA double helix?

A

Helicase, an enzyme

117
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Transfer electrons and allow bonds to form

118
Q

What does the BT gene do to crops?

A

Protects them from parasites. Crops that have this gene are genetically modified

AP Bio (15 decks)

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