Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How are fossils formed?

A

When a living organism dies and their remains are quickly buried by sediment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the greatest challenges to fossil evidence for evolution?

A

There are gaps in the fossil record and it’s incomplete because many early forms of life were soft-bodied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Law of Superposition?

A

Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on bottom and the youngest on top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can we reconstruct the sequence of geologic events that have occurred as a site?

A

Using relative dating principles and the position of layers within rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions characterized by presence of sphagnum moss, typically nutrient poor and acidic with few tree species (mostly tamarack)

A

Bogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Wetlands found in temperate regions contain low-growing emergent plants such as cattails as well as shrubs and trees:

A

Marshes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Herbaceous plants that are characterized by coming up from new seed every year, blooming, setting seed, and then dying

A

Annuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What herbaceous plants likely evolved as a result of farming practices common in Europe at the time that settlers from Europe first arrived in North America:

A

Biennials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Weeds are defined as those plants that are typically characterized as:

A

Prolific seed producers that thrive in disturbed areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why do animals tend to populate edge zones of natural biotic communities?

A

Because animals find the best supplies of space, shelter, food, and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the phenomenon of animals populating edge zones of natural biotic communities called?

A

The edge effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community

A

Succession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil hasn’t formed yet
Soil develops gradually as rock weathers, and decays from activity of early colonizers like algae and lichens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

Existing community is cleared by disturbance that leaves soil intact
Like fire or farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does succession ultimately produce?

A

A climax community, a permanent, self-sustaining community appropriate to the local area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a biome?

A

A community of organisms determined by climate conditions and recognized by the characteristic structure of its dominant vegetation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the limiting factors of plant growth?

A

Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

If a plant species is introduced from outside its native habitat and outcompetes the native plants in the area, it is referred to as:

A

Invasive species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When an introduced species survives and reproduces in a new environment without impacting the general survival of native species, it is referred to as:

A

Naturalized species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is comparative embryology?

A

The comparison of embryos at different stages of development of different organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do similarities in embryonic development suggest?

A

Common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of comparative embryology?

A

Gill slits in embryos of many quadrupedal and fish-like organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is oviparity?

A

Birds, frogs, and most invertebrates hatch eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is viviparity?

A

Eutherian mammals give birth to live young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is ovoviviparity?

A

Certain reptile and sharks produce an egg that hatches inside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the holoblastic pattern of cleavage

A

Entire egg divide into smaller cells in amphibians and mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe meroblastic pattern of cleavage

A

Only one part of egg is destined to become embryo, other portion serves as nutrition (embryo) in birds and fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What do all animals originate from?

A

Eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the blastoderm of chick embryos?

A

Small region of egg that contains yolk-free cytoplasm that gives rise to embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What forms before the heart does in chicks?

A

Islands of blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does comparative embryology show?

A

How different adult structures have the same embryonic precursors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Define homologous structures

A

Features that result from a common ancestor, even if they look different today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is an example of a homologous structures?

A

Bat wing and human hand; share the same bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What kind of evolution are homologous structures?

A

Divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Define divergent evolution

A

Two or more characteristics have a common evolutionary origin, but have diverged over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Divergent evolution is also known as…

A

Adaptive radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Characters of divergent evolution can be…

A

Observable from different species or molecular entities like genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define analogous structures

A

Features that do not have a common ancestor, but may have the same function today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is an example of analogous structures?

A

Bird wing and bat wing; perform same function but evolved indendently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of evolution are analogous structures?

A

Convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define convergent evolution

A

Organisms not related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments/niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define vestigial structures

A

Homologous characters which have lost all or lost if their function through evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Vestigial may take…

A

Various forms such as anatomical structures, behaviors, and biochemical pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Vestigial structure have __ _____ _______ and are _________ ____ _________ ___ ______ _____

A

No known purpose, leftovers from ancestors who needed them

45
Q

What are examples of vestigial structures?

A

Wings on flightless birds
Human body hair
Appendix
Leg bones on whales and snakes

46
Q

Plants and animal cells share…

A

Most of the same organelles

47
Q

The closer two organisms are related, ….

A

The more genes they have in common and the closer their amino acid sequences are

48
Q

Some genes are…

A

Wide-spread among organisms

49
Q

Example of cellular and molecular evidence:

A

Pax-6 gene; codes for making eye in humans and flies

50
Q

Examples of sub-optional design

A

Trachea vs esophagus (can lead to choking)
Human eye (inverted retina; blind spot)
Non-coding DNA

51
Q

What type of crops/livestock are chosen to reproduce?

A

Most fit/desirable

52
Q

Overtime, characteristics in crops/livestock…

A

Change

53
Q

Define natural community

A

An assemblage of plants and animals living together in the same environment

54
Q

The swamp forest is home to the…

A

Greatest number of tree species along natural communities in our area

55
Q

Lowland trees in the swamp forest have what type of roots?

A

Shallow and wide-spreading

56
Q

Where is Sedge Meadow found?

A

Swampy, riverbank, or other wet environments

57
Q

Define wetlands

A

Any area either covered by shallow water or containing waterlogged soil where the soil lacks oxygen and grows water-loving plants

58
Q

List types of wetlands

A

Marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, wet meadows, temporarily flooded wetlands (seasonal wetlands)

59
Q

List characteristics of marshes

A

Composed of open water and standing vegetation like bulrushes and cattails
Soil usually fertile muck
Lack woody plants

60
Q

List a characteristic of swamps

A

Containing shrubs and trees:
Alder, dogwood, silver maple

61
Q

List characteristics of bogs

A

Dominated by sphagnum moss that holds water
Highly acidic and anoxic
Woody plants like tamarack, high bush blueberries, and glossy buckthorn
Native carnivorous plants like pitcher plant and sundew

62
Q

List characteristics of fens

A

Similar to bogs but highly alkaline
Sees and rush dominated
Occurs on alkaline saturated sphagnum and/or marl influenced by groundwater rich in calcium and magnesium carbonates

63
Q

What is old field succession?

A

Type of secondary succession that begins with open soil already in place

64
Q

What does primary succession begin with?

A

Raw rock surface

65
Q

List characteristics of the northern coniferous forest

A

Largest biome
2 layers of vegetation
Populated by needled trees like spruce, fir, and tamarack

66
Q

What is the diagnostic herbivore of the northern coniferous forest?

A

Moose

67
Q

Describe environment of northern coniferous forest

A

Many bogs dominated by sphagnum
Typically sandy soils
Insectivorous plants like sundew and pitcher plant
Ground dwelling plants like blueberries, bearberries, and leather leaf

68
Q

When do bogs form?

A

As rate of decay is slowed by lack of bacteria populations due to cold temperatures, acidic conditions, and low O2 levels

69
Q

List characteristics of the tundra

A

Permafrost causing poor drainage
Flat terrain
Grass, sedges, low shrubs (creeping willow), mosses, lichens, etc
Lots of mosquitos

70
Q

List characteristics of tundras in alpine regions

A

High altitude
Slightly longer growing seasons
Shorter days
Better drainage on rough terrain
No permafrost

71
Q

What is the diagnostic herbivore of the tundra?

A

Reindeer or caribou

72
Q

What is the top predator of the tundra?

A

Polar bear

73
Q

If the precipitation level in the tundra is equivalent to that of the desert, why do marshy environments form?

A

Permafrost
Short warm season leading to melting water

74
Q

List characteristics of the temperate deciduous forest

A

Home biome
Broadleaf production
Moderate temperatures and seasonal patterns
3 layers of vegetation

75
Q

What is the primary herbivore of the temperate deciduous forest?

A

White-tailed deer

76
Q

Why do leaves fall each year in the temperate deciduous forest?

A

To allow attachment sites to heal and prevent infection during winter months of inactivity

77
Q

Where is the bulk of organic material in the temperate deciduous found?

A

Leaf litter

78
Q

List characteristics of tropical rain forest

A

550+ species of broadleaf evergreens
Many species, few organisms
7 layers of vegetation

79
Q

What is the primary predator of the tropical rainforest?

A

Boa constrictor

80
Q

Where is the bulk of organic material in the tropical rain forest?

A

Living things because soil is being leached by heavy rainfall and nutrient poor

81
Q

List a characteristic of temperate rain forest

A

Largest trees in the world (firs and hemlocks)

82
Q

List characteristics of prairies

A

Mostly native plants, wheat and corn acreage as well
No trees
Flat/rolling terrain

83
Q

What are prairies?

A

Climax communities, sustained populations within a stable community no longer undergoing succession

84
Q

Where is the bulk of biomass in prairies?

A

Below surface in the root mass, up to 10”

85
Q

What is the first stage of secondary succession?

A

Weedfield

86
Q

What separates prairies from forests?

A

Less rainfall, fewer woody plants

87
Q

What is the primary grass of the tall prairie?

A

Big bluestem

88
Q

What is the primary herbivore of the prairie?

A

Bison

89
Q

How are prairie plants adapted to the region?

A

Massive grown fibrous roots to trap water to reach the surface or further east, thick and deep roots that penetrate aquifer

90
Q

How have plants developed habits to reduce evaporation in the prairie?

A

Leaves vertical
Grass blades roll when dry
Fuzzy hairs protect from desiccation
Thickened sap
Hard-coated seeds

91
Q

List characteristics of the desert

A

Bare ground between plants
Cacti
Specialized shrubs

92
Q

What farming practice common in Europe is believed to have led to the evolution of biennials?

A

Crop rotation

93
Q

What are epiphytes?

A

Plant that grows on other plants
No attachment to ground
Not parasitic on supporting plants

94
Q

What are lianas?

A

Vines climb all the way up to the trees to the canopy, especially in tropical rainforest
Important structural difference between tropical and temperate rainforess

95
Q

How can we prevent the spread of invasives?

A

Don’t import invasive pests
Don’t release pets into wild
Don’t plant invasives

96
Q

Both artificial and natural selection involve…

A

Changes to genes in populations (evolution)

97
Q

Red and jack pines are…

A

Early succession of upland forest community

98
Q

Sugar maple is a part of…

A

Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community

99
Q

Hickories are apart of…

A

Upper story middle succession of upland forest community

100
Q

Blue beech is a part of…

A

Under story (2nd) of swamp forest

101
Q

Beech is a part of…

A

Upper story (canopy) climax community of upland forest community

102
Q

Flowering dogwood is a part of…

A

Under story (2nd) middle and late succession of dry forest community

103
Q

Yellow birch is a part of…

A

Canopy of swamp forest

104
Q

Willows are a part of..:

A

Shrub Carr

105
Q

Alders are a a part of…

A

Shrub Carr

106
Q

Oaks other than pin are a part of…

A

Upper story middle succession of upland forest community

107
Q

Poplars are a part of…

A

Early succession of dry forest community

108
Q

Dogwoods other then flowering are a part of…

A

Shrub Carr

AP Bio (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions