Proteins and lipids review

Question 1

Cholesterol is the…

Answer 1

Basic structural molecule upon which steroidal hormones are built

Question 2

Cholesterol molecules within the phospholipid bilayer help promote…

Answer 2

Stability within biological membranes

Question 3

We don’t need cholesterol from our diet, however, we…

Answer 3

Manufacture it as needed

Question 4

Why are LDLs considered to be dangerous to human health?

Answer 4

They stick to the walls of blood vessels, forming plaque
Leads to blockage that increases blood pressure and reduces the flexibility of affected vessels
Plaque formation may lead to atherosclerosis

Question 5

What do HDLs do?

Answer 5

Helps remove LDLs from our digestive tract and blood vessels

Question 6

Saturated and trans fat will…

Answer 6

Increase LDL levels in your blood

Question 7

What makes up most of the body’s cholesterol?

Answer 7

LDL; low density lipoprotein, sometimes called bad cholesterol

Question 8

High levels of LDL cholesterol raises…

Answer 8

Risk for heart disease and stroke

Question 9

HDL (high density lipoprotein) or good cholesterol…

Answer 9

Absorbs cholesterol and carries it back to the liver
Liver then flushed it from the body

Question 10

High levels of HDL cholesterol can…

Answer 10

Lower your risk for heart disease and stroke

Question 11

What are sources of HDLs in our diet?

Answer 11

Fish oils and olive oil, and include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Question 12

What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids?

Answer 12

Fish like sardines and salmon
Walnuts
Canola oil

Question 13

What is the synthesis that forms a triglyceride from fatty acid tails and glycerol molecule called?

Answer 13

Esterification, a specific condensation synthesis

Question 14

What is the bond that results from an esterification synthesis called?

Answer 14

Ester linkage

Question 15

What is the condensation reaction that results in attachment of a phosphate group to an organic molecule referred to as?

Answer 15

Phosphorylation

Question 16

What are hormones referred to as?

Answer 16

Chemical messengers/signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms
Transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs
Regulate physiology and behavior

Question 17

What two categories of organic molecules do hormones in most multicellular organisms belong to?

Answer 17

Amino acids/proteins; lipids

Question 18

Lipid hormones are referred to as…

Answer 18

Steroids and are fat soluble

Question 19

Protein hormones are…

Answer 19

Polar and tend to be water soluble

Question 20

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of…

Answer 20

Molecules containing fatty acid tails, a phosphate containing group, and a dehydrated glycerol molecule

Question 21

Some athletes have been known to use…

Answer 21

An anabolic steroid called androstenedione

Question 22

Androstenedione functions as a…

Answer 22

Precursor to testosterone, resulting in female athletes potentially testing for higher testosterone levels

Question 23

Androstenedione increases…

Answer 23

The risk of all athletes for various health concerns related to high testosterone levels

Question 24

What is the biggest concern of the use of anabolic steroids?

Answer 24

Increased risk of high blood pressure Muscle and tendon damage
Reduction in bone growth; reduced final height
Risk of heart attack
Liver disease and cancer
Mood swings including depression and aggression

Question 25

Lipids are used as energy storage molecules in animals rather than carbohydrates because they are…

Answer 25

More efficient energy storage molecules, favorable to long-term storage in the body where carbohydrates break down easily

Question 26

As animals are motile, they need…

Answer 26

More stable storage molecules; fat provide that stability

Question 27

Peptides contain the following functional groups:

Answer 27

-COOH, carboxyl, an acid group; -NH2, amine, actually basic; one of 23 specific hydrocarbon residues, -R

Question 28

A description of a protein as a single, linear chain containing a particular sequence of amino acids describes the…

Answer 28

Primary structure of the protein

Question 29

A description of a protein by the position of peptides in a 3D, globular construct:

Answer 29

Tertiary structure

Question 30

When we describe the regional folding of a polypeptide, we’re describing the _______ structure of the protein

Answer 30

Secondary

Question 31

What are the four primary causes of regional folding in a polypeptide chain?

Answer 31

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bridging

Question 32

An aggregate protein composed of globular subunits describes what level of protein structure?

Answer 32

Quaternary

Question 33

Which lipids act as light absorbing pigments in plants?

Answer 33

Caretenoids

Question 34

List 4 examples of an alpha helix fibrous protein

Answer 34

Keratin, elastin, myosin, and actin

Question 35

Which lipids are used as chemical signals to carry message to different parts of the body?

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

Which lipids form the relatively impermeable barriers that delineate cells (membranes)?

Answer 36

Phospholipids

Question 37

An aggregate protein composed of four myoglobin subunits, the protein component of red blood cells:

Answer 37

Hemoglobin

Question 38

A fibrous protein used where there is a need for a strong, rigid, and unstretchable structural component:

Answer 38

Gamma helix

Question 39

If a C=O and an N-H group are placed in proximity of each other during secondary folding of a polypeptide chain, they might form a:

Answer 39

Hydrogen bond

Question 40

Eating unsaturated or polyunsaturated fats, “good fats”, …

Answer 40

Decreases levels of harmful LDL
Increases protective HDL

Question 41

What are good sources of unsaturated or polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 41

Canola and olive oil