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SMALL ANIMAL > 1.1.2: Infectious respiratory disease - Kennel Cough > Flashcards

1.1.2: Infectious respiratory disease - Kennel Cough Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following clinical signs indicates upper respiratory disease?
* Ocular discharge
* Nasal discharge
* Cough

A
  • Ocular discharge - upper
  • Nasal discharge - upper
  • Cough - upper or lower
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2
Q

Stertor

A

a.k.a. snoring
low-pitched soft tissue vibration

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3
Q

Stridor

A

high-pitched wheezing; vibration of rigid tissues

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4
Q

Which structures does stertor involve?

A

Soft tissues: the soft palate or everted laryngeal saccules

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5
Q

Which structures does stridor involve?

A

Rigid tissues: trachea (e.g. tracheal collapse) and larynx (e.g. laryngeal paralysis)

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6
Q

Inspiratory dyspnoea occurs with what type of lesions to the respiratory tract?

A

Inspiratory dyspnoea occurs with extrathoracic lesions in the respiratory tract

e.g. brachycephalic dogs with an elongated soft palate

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7
Q

Expiratory dyspnoea occurs with what type of lesions to the respiratory tract?

A

Expiratory dyspnoea occurs with intrathoracic airway disease.

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8
Q

What are some systemic clinical signs that can arise with respiratory disease in dogs?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Depression
  • Lethargy
  • Inappetance
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9
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of Kennel Cough/CIRD

A
  • Hacking cough that may be productive.
  • Submandibular lymphadenopathy
  • Ocular/nasal discharge
  • ± Lethargy
  • ± Pyrexia
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10
Q

How is Kennel Cough transmitted?

A

Mainly by aersol transmission
Some direct transmission is also possible

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11
Q

CIRDc

A

Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

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12
Q

What are some common causes of CIRD/Kennel Cough?

A
  • Canine parainfluenza virus
  • Canine adenovirus-2
  • Canine respiratory coronavirus
  • Bordetella bronchoseptica
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13
Q

What are some uncommon causes of CIRD/Kennel Cough?

A
  • Canine Distemper Virus
  • Novel respiratory pathogens like influenza
  • Strep equi
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14
Q

Of the 3 viruses that commonly cause CIRD, which are DNA/RNA viruses? Which are enveloped? Why does this matter?

A
  • Canine parainfluenza virus - enveloped RNA virus
  • Canine adenovirus-2 - non-enveloped DNA virus
  • Canine respiratory coronavirus - enveloped RNA virus

Enveloped viruses generally less stable in extremes of heat/pH/detergent. Non-enveloped = harder to kill.
RNA viruses are prone to error so mutate very quickly.

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15
Q

Describe the broad pathogenesis of CIRD

A
  • A low pathogenicity virus (CPiV, CAV-2, CRCoV) infects the dog
  • This virus disrupts the mucociliary escaltor
  • This allows invasion of secondary bacteria
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16
Q

There are 3 viruses that commonly cause CIRD. Which ones have vaccines available?

A
  • Canine parainfluenza virus - SC and intranasal vaccines available
  • Canine adenovirus-2 - closely related to CAV-1 (causes infectious canine hepatitis) and vaccine for both is part of core schedule
  • Canine respiratory coronavirus - no vaccine yet widely recommended
17
Q

What type of organism is Bordetella bronchoseptica? Which species does it cause disease in?

A

A small, gram -ve, rod-shaped bacterium
Can spread between dogs, cats and humans

18
Q

Describe the significance of the presence of Bordetella bronchoseptica in a dog and the characteristics of the disease it causes.

A
  • Bordetella may be primary or secondary; it could be causing CIRD or may just be opportunistic. Therefore, a positive swab could be meaningless in identifying the cause of disease.
  • Disease can be mild-severe.
  • Shedding post-infection can occur for up to 12 weeks.
  • It is therefore best to avoid exposing an immunocompromised person to a recently vaccinated animal.
19
Q

Describe the characteristics of Canine Distemper Virus, how it is transmitted and clinical signs of infection

A

Enveloped RNA virus
Shed in all body fluids
Clinical signs:
* Bronchopneumonia
* Purulent ocular and nasal discharge
* Haemorrhgaic vomiting and diarrhoea -> rapid weight loss
* Neuro signs
* Hyperketaratosis (hard pad)

20
Q

Describe the clinical signs and testing of canine influenza as a novel resp pathogen

A

Animals shed before they show clinical signs
Clinical signs
* Cough
* Purulent nasal discharge
* 20% of cases become very unwell: pyrexia, pneumonia; 8% die

Test: big groups, both healthy and sick animals

21
Q

Describe the clinical signs of Strep equi infection

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Bloody nasal discharge
  • Haematemesis
  • High morbidity (90%) and high mortality (50%)
22
Q

Which species can be affected by Strep equi?

A
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Humans
  • Horses
23
Q

When should we aim to diagnose and locate the cause of CIRD?

A

Diagnose if it will change management/if pattern of disease changes/if disease is refractory

24
Q

How can we diagnose CIRD?

A
  • Paired serology
  • Nasal/oropharyngeal swab then PCR
  • Conjunctival swab for distemper then IFA
25
Q

(Broadly) how can we treat CIRD?

A
  • Symptomatic
  • Antibiotics - not always indicated
26
Q

Symptomatic treatment of CIRD

A
  • Avoid choke chains/pulling on collar -> use harness
  • Try to reduce excitement/stress
  • Clean eyes and nose
  • NSAIDs may aid if pyrexic, but could harm the protective mechanisms of lungs
  • Steroids are preferable to NSAIDs to relieve cough unless heavy infection
  • Paracetamol better than meloxicam for pyrexia (NOT CATS)
  • Others: butorphanol, codiene (stop coughing -> reduce inflammation), glycerin (cough syrup) -> may not help but little proven efficacy
27
Q

Describe when to use antibiotics in CIRD infections, and which ones you would select

A
  • Only when you have to!
  • Use culture and sensitivity
  • If suspect Bordetella use gram -ve cover
  • Secondary pathogens are usually gram -ve e.g. Pseudomonas, Klebsiella but could be gram +ve
  • Options: tetracyclines, potentiated sulphonamides, potentiated amoxycillin
  • Majority of CIRD cases = viral in aetiology and antibiotics not indicated
28
Q

Describe prevention of CIRD

A
  • Environmental hygiene
  • Dog-to-dog contact
  • Fomite transmission
  • Ventilation
  • Vaccination
29
Q

What vaccines are available for CIRD?

A
  • Parainfluenza + Bordetella - live; SC or intranasal
  • Distemper - live; SC
30
Q

Reasons against vaccinating for CIRD/Kennel Cough

A
  • Vaccine not guaranteed to prevent disease
  • Intranasal vaccine can cause dogs to become head shy
  • Concerns re immunocompromised people
  • Perceived low risk of infections/complications - consider in puppies, brachys
  • Often not recommended as core but lecturer thinks it should be
31
Q

What vaccines are available for Kennel Cough?

A
There are several other intranasal vaccines available

SMALL ANIMAL (90 decks)

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