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SMALL ANIMAL > 9.5.1: Anorexia in small mammals > Flashcards

9.5.1: Anorexia in small mammals Flashcards

1
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3
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Treatment principles of GI disease

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4
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Prokinetics that can be used in rabbits

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5
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Analgesia for rabbits with GI disease

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6
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Fluid therapy for rabbits

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7
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Bloat

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8
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Antibiotics for rabbits

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9
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Treatment of gastric bloat

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10
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Treatment of dysbiosis in rabbits

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11
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Treatment of dental absesses in rabbits

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12
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Nutritional support for rabbits

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13
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What history questions should you ask if a small mammal presents with anorexia?

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  • What is their diet like?
  • Are they inside / outside?
  • Faeces - quantity and appearance? Remember caecotrophs are softer, produced in the evening, and some owners never see them
  • Any recent changes?
  • Any stress?
  • Are they in any pain?
  • Any new pets?
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14
Q

What aspects of your clinical exam should you focus on in the small mammal presenting with anorexia?

A
  • Examine teeth
  • Examine eyes - nasolacrimal duct pass tooth roots
  • Observe and palpate the whole head thoroughly: underneath jaw, facial symmetry
  • For lop rabbits, check ears -> repeated infections can cause gut stasis
  • Check for other sources of pain: arthritis, bladder infections -> if these are not addressed, GI disease will keep reoccuring
  • Palpate abdomen
  • Auscultate the GIT in hindgut fermenters (rabbits, chinchillas, guinea pigs, degus)
  • Check BCS
  • Check perineal area

Do not be afraid to advise further exam e.g. of teeth under sedation

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15
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If the teeth do not show enough wear, what might this suggest?

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  • Selective eating
  • Not enough fibre in diet (vegetation / hay)
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16
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If the teeth are weak, what might this suggest?

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  • Too many sugary treats and fruit (can cause caries and predispose to dental abscesses)
  • Vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs
  • Selenium deficiency
  • Ca/P imbalance (metabolic bone deficiency)
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17
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Which small mammal is prone to Vitamin C deficiency?

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Guinea pigs
* They cannot produce their own Vitamin C so must obtain it entirely from diet
* They can have problems if fed a rabbit diet
* Vitamin C degrades in sunlight so can have problems if the food is left open

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18
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Signs of Vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs

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  • Scurvy
  • Weak bones
  • Weak peridontal ligaments (weaker teeth)
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19
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When rabbits get tooth spurs, which teeth grow into the tongue and which grow into the cheek?

A
  • Upper cheek teeth overgrow into the cheek
  • Lower cheek teeth overgrow into the tongue
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20
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Lower cheek teeth in guinea pigs naturally curve inwards and towards the centre. What problems can this cause if left unchecked?

A

If these teeth overgrow, they can form a bridge which traps the tongue.

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21
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True/false: orange colouring of the teeth indicates pathology in small mammals.

A

False.
Some species normally have yellow or orange teeth (e.g. Degus) however this colour should be uniform throughout. The image below is very abnormal.

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22
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What does the ideal rabbit diet comprise of?

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  • 85% hay - not alfalfa because this is too high in sugar and calcium
  • 10% vegetables
  • 5% pellets

No muesli - they will selectively eat this.

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23
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Why is feeding alfalfa hay a problem in rabbits?

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  • Alfalfa hay is too high in sugar and calcium
  • This can cause bladder issues e.g. urolithiasis
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24
Q

Which of these rabbits is more likely to suffer dental disease? Why?

A
  • Rabbit on R has been selectively bred and is brachycephalic
  • This means it suffers malocclusions and has an inherited predisposition to dental disease
  • Lop rabbits are also more likely to get ear infections (poor ventilations, abscesses); ear, teeth, sinuses all connected -> abscesses and dental infections more common if already have infection in sinuses/ ears.
25
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What GI issues could incorrect diet cause for a small mammal?

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  • Bloat
  • Diarrhoea
  • Dysbiosis
  • GI bacterial infections
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Obesity -> prevents caecotrophs ingestion
26
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Which GI diseases are indoor vs outdoor pets more predisposed to?

A
  • Outdoor pets -> more exposure to wildlife -> viruses, parasites
  • Indoor pets -> higher risk of foreign bodies, trauma if allowed to roam loose
27
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How can stress lead to anorexia? What are some causes of stress for small mammals?

A

Stress -> hypomotility -> anorexia and other problems e.g. gut stasis, gastric ulcers, bloat

Causes of stress
* Predators
* New rabbits
* Sudden change of diet
* Change of housing
* Transport
* Extremes of weather/ temperature
* Loss of companion rabbit

28
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Clinical signs of GI disease

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  • Anorexia
  • Reduce / no faecal output
  • Small dry faecal droppings
  • Diarrhoea
  • Hunched up
  • Lethargy
  • Faecal staining ± myiasis
  • Dribbling / wet front paws
  • Caecotroph accumulation in rabbits
  • Anal impactions in guinea pigs
29
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Common GIT conditions in hindgut fermenters

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  • Dental disease
  • Gut stasis
  • Bloat
  • Gastric ulceration
  • Impaction or FB
  • Neoplasia e.g. lymphoma, adenocarcinoma
  • Bacterial dysbiosis, enteritis
  • Viral: coronavirus, rotavirus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)
  • Parasitic e.g. pinworm, Eimeria
  • Liver disease e.g. hepatic lipidosis, liver lobe torsion (rabbit)
  • Gastric diltation volvulus (guinea pig)
30
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Common GIT conditions in ferrets

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  • Endoparasites esp if fed raw
  • Protozoa e.g. Eimeria, Giardia
  • Bacterial: Helicobacter mustulae
  • Viral: ferret enteric coronavirus, rotavirus, canine distemper virus
  • Obstruction
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
31
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Common GIT conditions in rodents that are not hindgut fermenters (i.e. not guinea pigs)

A
  • Bacterial enteritis: e.g. Salmonella, Clostridium piliforme, Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Viral and parasitic enteritis less common in these species
  • Antibiotic-associated enterotoxaemia
  • Cheek pouch impactions
  • Overgrown incisors
32
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What causative agent is behind Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Clostridium piliforme

33
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What is the causative agent of wet tail?

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Lawsonia intracellularis

34
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Liver parameters in small mammals

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  • Total bilirubin
  • ALT, AST, GGT, ALP
35
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What do the differences between these radiographs represent?

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36
Q

What do the differences between these radiographs represent?

A

Hard faeces phase - during the day

37
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What glucose levels might you expect on blood from the anorexic small mammal?

A
  • Hyperglycaemia - from pain, stress, or advanced liver disease
  • Normoglycaemia - starvation + stress
  • Hypoglycaemia - starvation / anorexia
38
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Elevated PCV, TP, ± elevated urea and creatinine might suggest what in the anorexic small mammal?

A

Dehydration

39
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What is gut stasis and what causes it?

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Gut stasis: slowing or stopping of the passage of food through the GIT; typically affects hindgut fermenters. This is a clinical finding rather than a diagnosis but it requires specific treatment.

Causes of gut stasis
* Pain
* Stress
* Incorrect diet
* Lack of caecotrophy
* GI bacterial / viral / parasitic infection

40
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A
41
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Possible causes of gastric bloat

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  • Physiological obstruction e.g. gastric stasis due to pain, diet
  • Physical obstruction e.g. foreign body, neoplasia, GDV

Aggressive stabilisation required in all cases. Very painful!

42
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A

Gastric bloat and gut stasis

43
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A

Gastric bloat only (barium contrast not progressing into intestines)

44
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A

Very severe gastric bloat

45
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A

Mild case of gastric bloat

46
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A
47
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Causes and clinical signs of bacterial enteritis / dysbiosis

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Dysbiosis: microbial imbalance, usually an overgrowth of Clostridia and/or coliforms; occurs secondary to diet change, stress, or oral antibiotics.

Enteritis: overgrowth by Clostridia or infection with E. coli (esp juvenile rabbits under stress), Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Yersia pseudotuberculosis, Lawsonia intracellularis

Clinical signs of bacterial enteritis
* Anorexia
* Diarrhoea
* Haematochezia
* Dehydration
* Shock
* Death

48
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Clinical signs and treatment of dysautonomia

A

Dysautonomia: idiopathic malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. No specific treatment.

Clinical signs
* GI stasis
* Dry mm and conjunctiva
* Mydriasis
* Bradycardia
* Urine retention
* Megaoesophagus
* Mucoid enteritis
* Large intestinal impaction
* May be found dead with food impacted in mouth

49
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A

Caecal impaction in a rabbit
* Seen occasionally in adult rabbits
* Aetiology unclear, maybe due to stress or ingestion of substances e.g. cat litter
* Poor prognosis

50
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Diagnosis and treatment

A

Anal impaction
* Common in older male guinea pigs
* Gentle manual expression can be done consciously

51
Q

Which parasite is shown here and what clinical signs would you see?

A
52
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Staging of dental disease in rabbits

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53
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What stage of dental disease is shown here?

A

Stage 1 - this is normal

54
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Tooth root elongation in rabbits can lead to occlusion of which structure?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

55
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What pathology is shown here?

A

Incisor malocclusion

56
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What stage dental disease is shown here?

A
57
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What stage dental disease is shown here?

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58
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What stage(s) of dental disease are shown here?

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59
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Which radiographic views will you take to assess rabbit dentition and dental pathology?

A

SMALL ANIMAL (90 decks)

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